Chapter 12

Question 1

State the ways in which the presence of a group affects its members behavior

Answer 1

a. Individual behavior variously modified but the presence of others or by being a part of a group
b. The concepts of social influence, social facilitation, synergy and social loafing distinguish the direction and nature of such modifications.

Question 2

Understand how groups use norms to regulate the behavior of their members

Answer 2

a. Social norms guide the behavior of individuals in a group. They can pivotal peripheral
b. Social norms are established in four ways – explicit statements, critical events, initial behavior and transfer behavior
c. Sanctions are administer by members to those individuals who transgress or uphold the groups norms. Sanctions can therefore be negative (verbal abuse) or positive (praise). Groups possess an escalating hierarchy of ever-stronger negative sanctions

Question 3

Distinguish between conformity and obedience, and between compliance and conversion

Answer 3

a. Conformity is when there is a change in an individuals belief or behavior in response to real or imaged group pressure, while obedience refers to a situation in which an individual changes their behavior in response to direct command from another
b. A majority’s influence over an individual is called compliance while minority’s influence over majority is called conversion

Question 4

Understand how an individual can influence a group

Answer 4

a. Techniques include becoming viable, creating tension, seeking defectors and being consistent, persistent, unyielding and self-confident

a. Tekniker inkluderar att bli livskraftig, skapa spänning, söka avhoppare och vara konsekvent, ihärdig, orubblig och självsäker

Question 5

Name the factors that influence employees perceptions of work group inclusion

Answer 5

The organizational context factors are overall justice, diversity climate and leader inclusiveness

Question 6

Understand the purpose of workplace rituals

Answer 6

Rituals create powerful emotional bonding among participants leading to greater empathy, affection and cooperativeness, and help to place the groups interests above those of its individual members

Question 7

Self-concept

Answer 7

the set of perceptions that we have about ourselves

Question 8

Social identity

Answer 8

that part of the self-concept which comes from our membership of groups and which contributes to our self-esteem

Question 9

Social categorization

Answer 9

classifying the people we meet, on the basis of how similar or different they are, from the way that we see ourself

Question 10

Self-categorization

Answer 10

perceiving ourselves as sharing the same social identity as other category members, and behaving in ways consistent with that category stereotype

Question 11

Self-esteem

Answer 11

that part of the self which is concerned with how we evaluate ourselves

Question 12

Social representations

Answer 12

The beliefs, ideas and values, objects, people and events that are constructed by current group members, and which are transmitted to its new members

Question 13

Share frame of reference

Answer 13

assumptions held in common by group members which shape their thinking, actions and interactions, while being constantly defined and reinforced through those interactions.

Question 14

Social influence

Answer 14

the process whereby attitudes and behaviors are altered by the real or implied presence of others

Question 15

Social facilitation

Answer 15

the effect of the presence other people enhancing an individuals performance

Question 16

Social inhibition

Answer 16

the effect of the presence of other people reducing an individuals performance

Question 17

Synergy

Answer 17

the positive or negative result of the interaction of two or more components, producing an outcome that is different from the sum of the individual components

Question 18

Social compensation

Answer 18

when group cohesion and evaluation are absent, a person who cares about the quality of the groups output, will expend greater effort to compensate for others in the group wo are preforming inadequately.

Question 19

Social loafing

Answer 19

the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working as part of a group than when working alone

Question 20

Free rider

Answer 20

a member who obtains from team membership without bearing a proportional share of the costs for generating that benefit

Question 21

Group norm

Answer 21

a expected mode of behavior or belief that is established either formally or informally by a group

Question 22

Pivotal norm:

Answer 22

socially defined standards relating to behavior and beliefs that are central to a groups objective and survival

Question 23

Peripheral norms

Answer 23

socially defined standards relating to behavior and beliefs that are important but not crucial to a groups objective and survival

Question 24

Group sanction

Answer 24

a punishment or reward given by members to others in the group in the process of enforcing group norms

Question 25

Group socialization

Answer 25

the process whereby members learn the values, symbols and expected behaviors of the group to which they belong - If this pressure goes to long, it might be a risk that individuals are given little opportunity to present different views, there is a danger of the group making errors of judgement, leading to unwise decisions.

Question 26

Organizational socialization

Answer 26

the process through which an employees pattern of behavior, values, attitudes and motives is influence to conform to that of the organization - Companies like Disney try to implement their way of working to the employees. If the company’s picture of the way of working differ from the work group- the individual will adapt the group picture.

Question 27

Conformity:

Answer 27

a change in an individuals belief or behavior in response to real or imagined group pressure - Tends to increase under uncertain decisions - Members who precive themselves having low status in the group tend to confom more

Question 28

Obedience:

Answer 28

a situation in which an individual changes their behavior in response to direct command from another

Question 29

Group cohesion:

Answer 29

: the number and strength of mutual positive attitudes between individual group members

Question 30

Hazing

Answer 30

the unofficial socialization practice of initiating newcomers into their groups and teams by engaging in degrading behavior towards them

Question 31

Work group inclusion:

Answer 31

an employees perception of themselves to be an esteemed member of their group. - Been a shift from diversity to focus more on inclusivity - Overall justice – diversity climate – leader inclusiveness: creating psychological safety

Question 32

Deindividuation:

Answer 32

an increased state of anonymity that loosens normal constraints on individuals behavior, reducing their sense of responsibility and leading to an increase in impulsive and antisocial acts - Football supporters- swept away by their feelings in the situation - Contextual situations that reduces self-awareness can trigger deindividualization

Question 33

Compliance

Answer 33

a majority’s influence over a minority

Question 34

Conversion

Answer 34

a minority’s influence over a majority

Question 35

Work group rituals

Answer 35

formal, sequenced, repeated utterances and actions, transmitted traditionally and preformed regularly by and for the benefit of members - As everything we do don’t have meaning, the rituals are a way for the group to create meaning for itself. - Meaningfulness in companies increase job satisfaction, work motivation and reduces social loafing

Question 35

Quiet quitting;

Answer 35

- Employees doing the minimum required in their roles without going above or beyond

Question 36

Deviance is a challenge to social order

Answer 36

individuals who do not gain from the system, can be deviants