Chapter 12 Flashcards
(32 cards)
What year did Sweden introduce a general pension system?
1913
The central policy features of the Nordic model usually refer to:
Generous and universal social policy
Childcare take-up rate among small children is about 90 per cent in most Nordic countries
except for one, which country is that?
Finland
What year did Finland introduce a general pension system?
Choose one option.
1895
1913
1937
1900
The correct answer is: 1937
True or false?
Nordic countries are well known for their comprehensive welfare states and their high levels of
inequality.
The correct answer is False.
Which of the Nordic countries has the highest level of female labor force participation?
Choose one option.
Finland
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Currently, Finnish female labour force participation rates are the highest in the OECD hemisphere (81 per cent). Thus, overall employment activity is high in all Nordic countries (Hussain et al., 2012: 125).
True or false?
Within certain limits the municipalities in Sweden can decide on their own welfare activities and
municipal tax rates to finance those activities.
True
This is true. In Sweden, municipalities have a high degree of local autonomy. Within certain legal and constitutional limits, they can decide on their own welfare activities and also set their own municipal tax rates to finance those services. This is a key feature of the Swedish welfare model.
What is the current trend in the Nordic welfare model compared to 20 years ago?
It is less universal, less generous, and more conditional.
What is the main goal of the Nordic welfare model?
To promote equality and social mobility (move up or down in economic sttaus) through universal and generous benefits.
Who coined the term “the big trade-off” (dvs väljer du en förlorar du den andra) between equality and efficiency?
Arthur Okun in 1975.
What are the two main types of welfare models compared to the Nordic model?
The residual model (government only helping those in need) and the institutional model (konstant stöd).
How are Nordic countries often described in comparison to each other?
One model with five variations.
Which Nordic countries were the first to introduce pension laws?
Denmark (1891) and Sweden (1913).
What is universalism in the context of Nordic welfare?
The idea that social benefits should cover the entire population, not just certain groups.
How does the Nordic welfare model combine income maintenance (support when needed)?
Through both basic security and earnings-related benefits.
How has conditionality (specific requirements to receive help) changed in the Nordic welfare model?
It has increased, with stricter eligibility (stricter meeting of the specific needs) and job search requirements.
What is the poverty alleviation (reducing pain) rate in Nordic countries due to social transfers (benefits from government)?
52%.
Which Nordic country has the highest social assistance level compared to the poverty threshold (minimum income needed to meet standard needs)?
Denmark (99%).
What is in-work poverty in Nordic countries like Norway and Finland?
Less than 5%.
What is the main challenge of the Nordic welfare model today?
Demographic change, particularly ageing populations.
How does the Nordic model address gender equality?
Through policies like universal childcare and employment incentives for both genders.
Why is Finland’s maternal labour force participation (mothers working) lower than other Nordic countries?
Due to the home care allowance option (financial support to cover the cost of caring for a family member)
What is the role of trust in the Nordic welfare states?
High trust levels contribute to both economic performance and subjective well-being.
Which country had the lowest intergenerational income correlation (relationship between income of parents and the income of children)
Denmark (0.15).
