Chapter 6 Flashcards
(27 cards)
Feminists regard definitions of income by household of family to be problematic due to:
The correct answer is Intra-household inequalities.
Intra-household inequalities betyder att resurser, pengar eller makt inte är jämlikt fördelade mellan personer i samma hushåll, till exempel mellan man och kvinna.
True or false?
A variant of the budget approach is based on the idea, originally captured in Engel’s Law, that the
proportion of the budget spent on food provides an accurate (inverse) indicator of the standard of
living.
Choose one option.
False
True
True
This statement is true. A variant of the budget approach does indeed draw on Engel’s Law, which states that as income rises, the proportion of income spent on food falls, even if actual expenditure on food rises. Therefore, a higher proportion spent on food typically indicates a lower standard of living, making it a useful inverse indicator.
Q: Why is measuring poverty important for policy making (making rules)?
It helps create better support programs and checks if they work well.
A: It informs targeted interventions and evaluates the effectiveness of welfare programs.
Q: How has the concept of poverty shifted in recent decades?
A: From purely income-based to a multidimensional understanding (wider understanding) involving capabilities and exclusion.
Q: What does Engel’s Law relate to in poverty measurement?
A: Using money spent on food as an indicator of poverty level.
Q: What is the role of multidimensional poverty indexes (measurements) ?
A: To capture the complexity of poverty beyond income, including health, education, and living conditions.
Q: Why is persistent (longlasting) poverty a key issue?
A: It reflects long-term deprivation (lacking basic needs) and deeper policy challenges (rules by the government).
Q: What do comparative poverty studies rely on?
A: Standardized (consistent), cross-national (comparing multiple countries) datasets
Q: How do tax and transfer systems (money and support given) affect poverty? How effective is it?
A: They significantly reduce poverty rates
Effectiveness varies by country.
Q: What is the “counterfactual (what would happen if we did something different) problem” in evaluating welfare policy impact?
A: Difficulty in estimating what poverty would be without existing policies.
Q: What was William Beveridge’s role in poverty policy?
A: He included poverty as one of the “giant evils” in his plan for the welfare state.
Q: What did Rowntree demonstrate about poverty over the life cycle?
A: Risk of poverty varies by life stage—especially in childhood and old age.
Q: What advantage does the living standards approach have?
A: It reflects people’s actual experience of poverty and is rooted in public perception.
Q: What is the deprivation index in living standard studies?
A: A measure of how many necessary items a person lacks due to affordability.
Q: What is “consistent poverty”?
A: When a person has both income below the poverty line and lacks basic necessities.
Q: What is one limitation of income-based poverty lines?
A: They may not capture other factors like disability or access to resources.
Q: What are two common international poverty lines?
A: $1.90/day (World Bank) and 60% of median income (Eurostat).
Q: What are equivalence (equal in value) scales used for?
A: To adjust household income based on size and composition (what its made of) for accurate poverty measurement.
Q: What is the “poverty gap”?
A: The total shortfall (not having enough resources) in income for those below the poverty line.
Q: What does the “poverty line” measure?
A: A set income threshold (specific income level) used to determine who is considered poor.
Q: What is the distinction (difference) between absolute and relative poverty?
A: Absolute poverty is based on basic needs a person needs in order to survive; relative poverty is based on societal norms and standards.
Q: What does “relative poverty” mean?
A: A way of life and income that is significantly worse than the societal norm.
Q: What is the consensual (agreed upon)approach to defining poverty?
A: Basing poverty identification on community views about what is unacceptable.
Q: What did Seebohm Rowntree define as poverty?
A: Having total earnings insufficient (not enough) to achieve “merely physical efficiency.”
(Not earning enough to meet even basic physical needs)
