Chapter 12

Question 1

The study of the nervous system

Answer 1

neurobiology

Question 2

2 organ systems dedicated to maintaining internal coordination

Answer 2

endocrine system, nervous system

Question 3

3 basic steps of the nervous system for coordinating tasks

Answer 3

• receive information about body/external environment/transmit messages to spinal cord and brain
• spinal cord and brain process the information and determine an appropriate response
• spinal cord and brain issue commands to muscle/glands to carry out response

Question 4

2 major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system

Answer 4

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

Question 5

Central nervous system

Answer 5

consists of the brain and spinal cord which are enclosed and protected by the cranium and vertebral column

Question 6

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 6

consists of all the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord; consists of nerves and ganglia

Question 7

nerve

Answer 7

bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue

Question 8

ganglion

Answer 8

a knot-like swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated

Question 9

2 divisions of autonomic nervous system

Answer 9

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Question 10

sympathetic

Answer 10

arouses the body for action

Question 11

parasympathetic

Answer 11

has calming effect

Question 12

3 physiological properties that enable neurons to communicate with other cells

Answer 12

excitability (irritability), conductivity, secretion

Question 13

3 functional classes of neurons

Answer 13

sensory, interneurons, motor

Question 14

sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 14

specialized to detect stimuli and transmit information about them

Question 15

interneurons (association neurons)

Answer 15

lie entirely within the central nervous system

Question 16

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 16

send signals predominantly to muscle and gland cells

Question 17

Soma

Answer 17

control center of the neuron

Question 18

Axon (nerve fiber)

Answer 18

originates on a mound on the soma called the axon hillock

Question 19

Multipolar neurons

Answer 19

one axon; multiple dendrites

Question 20

bipolar neurons

Answer 20

one axon; one dendrite

Question 21

unipolar neurons

Answer 21

a single process leading away from the soma

Question 22

anaxonic neurons

Answer 22

multiple dendrites; no axon

Question 23

axonal transport

Answer 23

the passage of proteins, organelles,and other materials along an axon, to and from the cell soma

Question 24

anterograde transport

Answer 24

movement away from the soma down the axon

Question 25

retrograde transport

Answer 25

movement up the axon toward the soma

Question 26

kinesin

Answer 26

motor protein for anterograde transport

Question 27

dynein

Answer 27

motor protein for retrograde transport

Question 28

2 types of axonal transport

Answer 28

fast and slow

Question 29

glia

Answer 29

glue

Question 30

6 types of neuroglia

Answer 30

Oligodendrocytes (CNS), Ependymal (CNS), Microglia (CNS), Astocytes (CNS), Schwann (PNS), Satellite (PNS)

Question 31

Myelin sheath

Answer 31

insulating layer around a nerve fiber