Chapter 9

Question 1

any point where two bones meet is called

Answer 1

a joint

Question 2

The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

Answer 2

arthrology

Question 3

A branch of biomechanics which deals with broad variety of movements and mechanical process of the body

Answer 3

Kinesiology

Question 4

4 categories of joints

Answer 4

bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 5

An immovable join formed when the gap between two bones ossifies

Answer 5

bony joint

Question 6

A fibrous joint (synarthrosis)

Answer 6

adjacent bones that are bound by collagen fibers (no motion)

Question 7

Fibrous joints consist of

Answer 7

sutures, gomphoses, syndemoses

Question 8

Immovable or only slightly movable fibrous joints that bind the bones of the skull

Answer 8

sutures

Question 9

Sutures can be classified as

Answer 9

serrate, lap, and plane sutures

Question 10

Appear as wavy lines along which bones firmly interlock

Answer 10

serrate sutures

Question 11

Occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges

Answer 11

lap (squamous) sutures

Question 12

Occur where two bones have straight, non overlapping edges

Answer 12

plane (butt) sutures

Question 13

A fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by relatively longer collagenous fibers than those of a suture or gomphosis, giving bones more mobility

Answer 13

syndesmosis

Question 14

Two bones are linked by cartilage (partial movement)

Answer 14

cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis)

Question 15

Two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 15

synchondroses, symphyses

Question 16

The most structurally complex type of joint; is most likely to develop uncomfortable dysfunctions

Answer 16

synovial joint

Question 17

Accessory structures

Answer 17

tendons, ligaments, bursae

Question 18

A strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

Answer 18

tendon

Question 19

Tissue that attaches one bone to another

Answer 19

ligament

Question 20

fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, between where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin

Answer 20

bursa

Question 21

lever

Answer 21

Any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum

Question 22

effort arm

Answer 22

portion of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort

Question 23

resistance arm

Answer 23

portion from the fulcrum to the point of resistance (load)

Question 24

Advantages of lever

Answer 24

exert more force to an object than the force applied to the lever; or move the object father or faster than the effort arm is moved

Question 25

Mechanical advantage of a lever

Answer 25

the ratio output force to its input force

Question 26

MA=

Answer 26

Le/Lr

Question 27

lever produces more speed but less force than the input when

Answer 27

MA>1

Question 28

3 classes of levers

Answer 28

first class, second class, third class

Question 29

First class lever

Answer 29

the fulcrum is in the middle, like a seesaw

Question 30

Second class lever

Answer 30

resistance is in the middle, like a wheel barrow

Question 31

third class lever

Answer 31

effort is in the middle, like rowing with an oar

Question 32

Range of Motion (ROM)

Answer 32

one aspect of joint performance and effects quality of life

Question 33

Three factors that determine ROM

Answer 33

structure of articular surfaces, strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules, and action of muscles and tendons

Question 34

6 classes of synovial joints

Answer 34

ball-and-socket joints, biaxial condylar joints, biaxial saddle joints, biaxial plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints

Question 35

Zero position

Answer 35

When a person is standing in anatomical positition

Question 36

Flexion

Answer 36

a movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the saggital plane

Question 37

Straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position

Answer 37

extension

Question 38

Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position

Answer 38

hyperextension

Question 39

Movement of a body part in the frontal plane, away from the midline of the body

Answer 39

abduction

Question 40

Adduction

Answer 40

movement in the frontal plane back to the midline

Question 41

movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

Answer 41

elevation

Question 42

the anterior movement of a body part in the transfers plane

Answer 42

protraction

Question 43

one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion

Answer 43

circumduction

Question 44

movement in which a bone turns on its long axis

Answer 44

rotation

Question 45

2 types of rotation

Answer 45

medial, lateral

Question 46

movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward

Answer 46

supination

Question 47

Special movements of head and trunk

Answer 47

flexion, lateral flexion, twisting

Question 48

Special movements of the mandible

Answer 48

protraction followed by retractions, depression followed by elevations, lateral and medial excursion

Question 49

special hand movement

Answer 49

ulnar flexion

Question 50

special foot movements

Answer 50

dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion