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Anatomy with Dr. Doug > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, blood formation, detoxification

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2
Q

What are the 4 bone shapes?

A

Short, long, irregular, flat

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3
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

fills the head of the long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones

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4
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

a denser calcified tissue with no visible spaces and it forms the external surfaces of all bones

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5
Q

What are the structures in an osteon?

A

canal, lamellae, haversian canal, osteocytes

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6
Q

Medullary cavity

A

bone marrow cavity

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7
Q

Nutrient Foramina

A

blood vessels penetrate into the bone through these openings

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8
Q

What is the difference between the periosteum and endosteum?

A

The periosteum lines the external bone surface while the endosteum lines the internal marrow cavity, covers the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone, and lines the canal system

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9
Q

What are perforating fibers?

A

collagen fibers of the outer layer of the periosteum that penetrate into the bone matrix as part of the periosteum’s attachment from muscle to tendon to bone

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10
Q

Why is the periosteum so important for bone growth?

A

The periosteum is so important for bone growth because of its inner layer of osteogenic cells

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11
Q

4 bone cells

A

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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12
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that give rise to most other bone cells; they are found in the endosteum, the inner layer of the periosteum, and the central canals

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13
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells; they synthesize the soft organic matter of the bone matrix, which hardens by mineral deposition

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14
Q

osteocytes

A

former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the bone matrix they deposited. Resorb or deposit bone matrix, contributing to the homeostasis of bone density and load is applied to a bone

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15
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surfaces. Bone remodeling results from the combined action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

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16
Q

What is the bone matrix made up of?

A

calcium, phosphate, and hydroxapatite

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17
Q

First step in bone fracture repair

A

Formation of a hematoma (clot) and granulation tissue: blood vessels are severed by a fracture; the blood forms a clot called a fracture hematoma. Fibrobalsts, macrophages, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells invade the tissue, along with blood capillaries, converting the clot to a mass called granulation tissue

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18
Q

Second step in bone fracture repair

A

Fibroblasts deposit collagen while some osteogenic cells become chondroblasts and produce patches of cartilage called soft callus

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19
Q

Third step in bone fracture repair

A

Conversion to hard callus: Superficial osteogenic cells become osteoblasts, which a bony collar called the hard callus around the fracture. The hard callus acts as a temporary splint; it takes 4 to 6 weeks for a hard callus to form.

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20
Q

Fourth step in bone fracture repair

A

Remodeling: The hard callus perisits for 3-4 months, while osteoclasts dissolve small fragments of broken bone, and osteoblasts deposit spongy bone to bridge the gap

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21
Q

Metaphysis

A

The region of transition from cartilage to bone at each end of the primary marrow cavity

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22
Q

5 zones of mataphysis

A

done of reserve cartilage, zone of cell proliferation, zone of cell hypertrophy, zone of calcification, zone of bone deposition

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23
Q

zone of reserve cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage has not yet begun to transform into bone (no action)

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24
Q

zone of cell proliferation

A

chondrocytes multiply and arrange themselves into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae (hyperplasia of chondrocytes, cartilage lengthens)

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25
zone of cell hypertrophy
chondrocytes cease dividing and enlarge
26
zone of calcification
minerals are deposited in the matrix and calcify the cartilage (calcium fortification)
27
zone of bone deposition
walls between lacunae break down and chondrocytes die; osteoblasts line up along the walls of the channels and begin depositing concentric lamellae; osteoclasts dissolve the temporarily calcified cartilage. (replacement of cartilage with bone)
28
Interstitial growth
the growth of cartilage from within the metaphases (from the center out)
29
Appositional growth
deposition of new tissues at the surface
30
What are the hormones involved in bone remodeling?
calcitriol, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH)
31
Where are the hormones involved in bone remodeling made?
calcitriol: produced by sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys calcitonin: secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland PTH: secreted by the parathyroid glands
32
Functions of the 3 hormones involved in bone remodeling?
calcitriol: raises blood calcium calcitonin: lowers blood calcium PTH: raises blood calcium
33
What mechanisms do the hormones involved in bone remodeling do?
calcitriol: increases calcium absorption and reabsorption calcitonin: reduces osteoclast, increases the number of osteoblasts within an hour of secretion PTH: increase the osteoclast population, promotes reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, promotes the final step of calcitriol synthesis, inhibits collagen syntheses
34
Synarthroses
a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other
35
Amphiarthroses
a joint where two bones are linked by cartilage
36
Diarthroses
a point at which two bones are separated by a narrow, encapsulated space filled with lubricating synovial fluid; highly mobile joints, they are the most obvious (knee, knuckle, elbow)
37
Fibrous joints
connected by collagen fibers that penetrate one bone from the other
38
cartilaginous joints
where two bones are linked by cartilage
39
synovial joints
where two bones are connected by an encapsulated space filled with synovial fluid
40
3 Types of fibrous joints
sutures, gomphoses, ligaments
41
sutures
immovable or only slightly movable fibrous joints that bind the bones of the skull
42
gomphoses
the attachment of things like teeth to the jaw
43
synchondrosis
joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage
44
symphysis
two bones are joined by fibrocartilage
45
What are the features of a synovial joint?
freely movable, structurally complex, the facing surfaces of the bones are covered with articular hyaline cartilage about 2 or 3 mm thick, joint cavity lies between the bones surfaces filled with synovial fluid, joint capsule, tendons, ligaments, and burase
46
joint capsule
has an outer fibrous capsule continuous with the periosteum of adjacent bones. The inner synovial membrane is composed of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid and is populated by macrophages
47
synovial fluid
rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid which give it a viscous, slippery texture like egg whites. It nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements for synovial joints almost friction free. Synovial fluid is made in the synovial membrane which is composed mainly of fibroblast- like cells that secrete the fluid.
48
meniscus
in the knee, two cartilages extend from left and right but do not entirely cross the joint. Absorb shock and pressure, guide the bones across each other, and improve the joint fit
49
bursa
a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, between where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin. Cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily, and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of the muscle by affecting the direction in which the muscle pulls
50
6 Synovial joint shapes
ball-and-socket joints, condylar, saddle, plane, hinge, pivot
51
joints that move in 3 planes
ball-and-socket
52
joints that move in 2 planes
condylar, saddle, plane
53
joints that move in 1 plane
hinge, pivot
54
3 lever types
first class, second class, third class
55
first-class lever
the fulcrum is in the middle, like a seesaw (atlanto-occipital joint of the neck)
56
second-class lever
the resistance in the middle, like wheelbarrow (depressing the mandible)
57
third-class lever
effort is in the middle (most common lever in the body) (Forearm flexing at the elbow)
58
5 functions of the muscular system
stability, movement, controlling the openings and passages, heat production, glycemic control
59
What are the connective tissues in muscle
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascia
60
What is a fascicle
bundle of muscle fibers
61
endomysium
surrounds each muscle fiber
62
epimysium
surrounds the entire muscle
63
perimysium
surrounds each fascicle
64
muscle shapes
fusiform, triangular, circular, pennate, parallel
65
muscle compartment
group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated from others by connective tissue fascia
66
tendon
fibrous band that bridges the gap where the muscle falls short of the bone
67
aponeurosis
a sheet tendon that is beneath the scalp
68
origin
non moving point of attachment
69
insertion
attachment at mobile end
70
belly
thick middle part of the muscle
71
prime mover
produces the most force
72
synergist
aids prime mover
73
antagonist
opposes prime mover
74
fixator
keeps the bone stationary
75
Characteristics of muscle
elasticity, conductivity, responsiveness, contractality, extensability
76
sarcolemma
membrane in muscle cells
77
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm in muscle cells
78
myofibril
long protein chords

Anatomy with Dr. Doug (15 decks)

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