Chapter 12

Question 1

Going beyond the information given to reach a goal such as a solution, a decision or belief.

Answer 1

Thinking

Question 2

The type of reasoning that begins with some specific premise which are assumed to be true. Next you judge whether those premises allow a particular conclusion to be drawn based on the principle of logic.

Answer 2

Deductive Reasoning

Question 3

Assessing information and choosing among two or more alternatives Compared to deductive reasoning ____ is much more ambiguous.

Answer 3

Decision Making

Question 4

In reasoning and decision making the approach that distinguishes between two types of cognitive processing. Type 1 (fast processing and automatic requires little conscious attention) Type 2 (relatively slow and controlled, requiring focused attention and it is typically more accurate.

Answer 4

Dual Process Theory

Question 5

According to dual processing theory in reasoning and decision making, ____ processing is relatively fast and automatic. It also requires little conscious attention

Answer 5

Type 1 Processing

Question 6

According to dual processing theory in reasoning and decision making, _____ processing is relatively slow and controlled. It also requires focused attention, and performance is typically more accurate.

Answer 6

Type 2 Processing

Question 7

A deductive reasoning task that describes the relationship between conditions. ___ tasks are often presented in an If …then format (also called propositional reasoning task)

Answer 7

Conditional Reasoning Task

Question 8

A common deductive reasoning task that consist of two statements that one must assume to be true, plus a conclusion. They refer to quantities so they use the words all, none, some and other similar terms.

Answer 8

Syllogism

Question 9

In deductive reasoning a system for categorizing the four kinds of reasoning used in analyzing statements that are made up of antecendents and consequents.

Answer 9

Propositional Calculus

Question 10

___ are the statements that are made up of antecendents and consequents.

Answer 10

Propositions

Question 11

In conditional reasoning tasks the first proposition or statement, ____ is contained in the If part of the sentence.

Answer 11

Antecedents

Question 12

In conditional Reasoning tasks the proposition that comes second. The ___ is contained in the “then” part of the sentence

Answer 12

Consequent

Question 13

In conditional reasoning tasks the fallacy (or error) of claiming that the “then” part of the sentence is true. this kind or reason leads to an invalid conclusion

Answer 13

Affirming the Consequent

Question 14

In conditional reasoning tasks claiming that the then part of the sentence is false . this kind of reasoning lead to a correct conclusion

Answer 14

denying the consequent

Question 15

A general rule or problem solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution.

Answer 15

Heuristic

Question 16

When people make reasoning judgments based on prior beliefs and general knowledge rather than on the rules of logic. In general people make errors when the logic of reasoning problem conflicts with their background knowledge.

Answer 16

Belief Bias Effect

Question 17

The tendency to try to confirm or support a hypothesis rather than trying to disprove it .

Answer 17

Confirmation Bias

Question 18

We use ___ during depth perception, recognition of facial expressions, and automatic stereotyping

Answer 18

Type 1

Question 19

We use ____ when we think of exceptions to a general rule, when we realize that we made a stereotyped response and when we acknowledge that our ____ response may be wrong.

Answer 19

Type 2/Type 1

Question 20

The dual processing theory consist of

Answer 20

Type 1 and type 2

Question 21

what are two types of deductive Reasoning?

Answer 21

Conditional reasoning tasks and syllogism

Question 22

Use the words all none or some

Answer 22

Syllogism

Question 23

In conditional reasoning tasks, claiming that the if … part of the statement is true. This kind of reasoning leads to a correct conclusion

Answer 23

Affirming the Antecendent

Question 24

In conditional reasoning tasks claiming that the the fallacy (or error) of caliming that the if part of the sentense is false. This kind of reasoning lead to invalid conclusion

Answer 24

Denying the antecendent

Question 25

cognitive errors can be traced back to a

Answer 25

heuristic

Question 26

The belief bias effect is an example of what kind of processing

Answer 26

top down

Question 27

people who score low on intelligence test and low flexible thinking test are likely to demonstrate the ____ ___ __

Answer 27

belief bias effect

Question 28

What are the three classic decision making heuristics

Answer 28

representativeness heuristics Availability anchoring adjustment

Question 29

When a sample looks similar in important characteristics to the population from which it was selected

Answer 29

Representative

Question 30

A general rule in decision making that people use when trying to decide which outcome would be more likely. People who use this heuristic make judgements in terms of the similarities between the sample and the population from which the sample was selected.

Answer 30

Representativeness Heuristic

Question 31

The assumption that a small sample will be representative of the population from which it is selected. This assumption often leads to incorrect decisions.

Answer 31

Small Sample Fallacy

Question 32

How often an item occurs in the population.

Answer 32

Base Rate

Question 33

Paying too little attention to important information about how often an item occurs in the population.

Answer 33

Base Rate Fallacy

Question 34

A rule stating that the probability of the conjunction of two events cannot be larger than the probability of either of its constituent events.

Answer 34

Conjunction Rule

Question 35

A decision making error that occurs when people judge the probability of the conjunction of two events to be greater than the probability of either constituent event.

Answer 35

Conjunction Fallacy

Question 36

Random looking outcomes are more probable than orderly looking outcomes

Answer 36

Representative Heuristics

Question 37

A __ sample is statistically more likely to reflect the true proportions in a population

Answer 37

Large

Question 38

What are examples of errors when using representative heuristics

Answer 38

Base Rate Fallacy Sample Size Fallacy Conjunction Fallacy

Question 39

People with high SAT Scores tend to commit what fallacy most

Answer 39

Conjunction

Question 40

Estimating frequency or probability in terms of how easy it is to think of relevant examples of something.

Answer 40

Availability Heuristics

Question 41

A situation in decision making that occurs when someone is trying to decide which of two categories occurs more frequently. If this person recognizes one category and not the other then she or he concludes that the recognized category has the highest frequency.

Answer 41

Recognition Heuristic

Question 42

A persons belief that two variables are statistically related even though there is no actual evidence for this relationship.

Answer 42

Illusory Correlation

Question 43

The view that stereotypes and many other components of social psychology can be traced to normal cognitive processes.

Answer 43

Social Cognition Approach

Question 44

If the problem is based on a judgment about similarities you are dealing with ___ heuristic

Answer 44

the representative Heuristic

Question 45

If your problem requires to remember examples you are dealing with the ____ heuristic

Answer 45

Availability

Question 46

What can produce distortion in frequency estimation when dealing with Availability Heuristics

Answer 46

Recency and familiarity

Question 47

What kind of availability heuristic often leads to an accurate decision ____

Answer 47

Recognition Heuristic

Question 48

In decision making, beginning with a first approximation, which serves as an anchor and then making adjustments to the anchor, based on additional information. typically people rely too heavily on the anchor and their adjustment are too small.

Answer 48

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Question 49

In decision making the first approximation used in the anchoring adjustment heuristic

Answer 49

anchor

Question 50

typically people rely too heavily on the anchor and their adjustment are too small.

Answer 50

anchoring effect

Question 51

In decision making the range within which a number is expected to fall a certain percentage of the time.

Answer 51

Confidence interval is in range

Question 52

when decisions are influenced by 1) the background context of the choice or 2) the way in which a question is worded

Answer 52

Framing Effect

Question 53

Peoples tendencies to think that possible gains are different from possible losses. when dealing with possible gains (saving lives) people tend to avoid risks. when dealing with possible losses (lives lost) people tend to seek risks.

Answer 53

Prospect Theory

Question 54

When a persons confidence judgements are higher than they should be , based on actual performance on the task.

Answer 54

Over Confidence

Question 55

Imagining that a completely accurate crystal ball has determined that a favored hypothesis is actually incorrect. Therefore the decision maker must search for alternative explanations for the outcome.

Answer 55

Crystal ball technique

Question 56

The tendency 1) to underestimate the amount of time (money) requirered to complete a project 2) to estimate that the task will be relatively easy to complete.

Answer 56

Planing fallacy

Question 57

People are overconfident that their own view is correct in a confrontational situation.

Answer 57

my side bias

Question 58

Peoples judgment about events that already happened in the past.

Answer 58

hindsight

Question 59

The belief that after an event has already happened that the event had been inevitable and was predicted all along.

Answer 59

hindsight bias

Question 60

method for reducing overconfidence about decisions

Answer 60

Crystal ball technique

Question 61

overconfidence that we could have predicted a particular outcome at some point in the past

Answer 61

Hindsight Bias

Question 62

A description of how people create a wide variety of heuristics to help make useful adaptive choices in the real word.

Answer 62

Ecological Rationality

Question 63

the tendency to choose a default option (standard option) for example in france being an organ donor is the standard unless you opt out so 99% of french are blood donors. in US only 28% because you have to sign up to be a blood donor

Answer 63

Default Heuristic

Question 64

The tendency to examine as many options as possible when making a decision to make the best possible choice instead of settling for something that is merely satisfactory.

Answer 64

Maximizing decision making style

Question 65

people who tend to examine as many options as possible rather than settling for something that is satisfactory

Answer 65

Maximizers

Question 66

People who tend to settle for something that is satisfactory rather than examining numerous options.

Answer 66

Satisficers

Question 67

the tendency to settle for something that is fastifcatory rather than examining numerous options.

Answer 67

Satisficing decision making style

Question 68

___ agonize over their decisions which may lead to regret and depressive symptoms

Answer 68

maximizers