Chapter 12- Antiinfective and Antimicrobics

Question 1

Antibiotics

Answer 1

confined to antibacterial antibiosis

Question 2

Antifungals

Answer 2

systemic or deep infections, topical for dermatophytosos

Question 3

Antivirals

Answer 3

not very effective and they are expensive

Question 4

Resistance scale

Answer 4

Prions, endospores, protozoal cysts, non-enveloped viruses, fungi gram negative bacteria (red), gram positive bacteria (purple), and lipid enveloped viruses

Question 5

Surfactant

Answer 5

reduces surface tension adn adherence of dirt and organic matter

Question 6

sanitizing

Answer 6

removing dirt and organic debris via two steps of dry and wet cleaning

Question 7

disinfection

Answer 7

reducing or killing pathogensto low levels

Question 8

contact time

Answer 8

important to efficacy of chemical

Question 9

sporicidial

Answer 9

capable of killing endospores

Question 10

cidial

Answer 10

kills

Question 11

static

Answer 11

slows/inhibits antimicrobics

Question 12

antispesis

Answer 12

reduction of bacteria in biological setting, actually touches skin

Question 13

sterilization

Answer 13

complete absence of life

Question 14

Halogens

Answer 14

Hypchlorites- bleach for parvocide

Tamed iodide- topical antiseptics is usual application

use betadine a lot

Question 15

Phenolics

Answer 15

simple organic materials, not as corrosive, cant us as a skin antispetic

Question 16

Quats

Answer 16

Not for cold sterile
non effective against the hard to kill
use to wipe things down

Question 17

Aldehydes

Answer 17

broad spectrum, usually alkanized
an aqueous aldehyde is formalin
buffered glutaraldehyde
functional sterilization after 10h immersion
vapors can be toxic

Question 18

Alcohols

Answer 18

include isopropyl at 70%- materials have to sit for 10 min
dissolves through fat and oils
70% works better than 100 or 50%
MOA is coagulation of bacterial proteins

Question 19

Biguanides

Answer 19

MOA is protein denaturation
fairly broad spectrum and fast acting
Chlorhexidine gluconate
will not kill zoonatic spores

Question 20

Oxidizers

Answer 20

Hydrogen peroxide
effective against bacteria, viruses, spores and fungi
when it hits an enzyme catalase turns into water and free oxygen

Question 21

what are antibiotic action mechanisms

Answer 21

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
disruption of cell membrane (interlining cell)
inhibition of protein synthesis (scramble or inhibit the cell)
interfere with cellular metabolisms

Question 22

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 22

the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic

Question 23

What is the major cause of antibiotic resistance

Answer 23

overuse of broad spectrum antibiotics

they put antibiotics in the food to help

Question 24

Cell wall inhibitors- Cephalosporins

Answer 24

Penicillin G and V
G- was the first
V was the first orally stable form
broad spectrum

Question 25

What are other cephalosporins

Answer 25

Beta-lactamase resistant (Oxxacillin and dicloxicillin) Potentiated (Amoxicillin + Clavulonic acid= Clavamox) They are considered a second line drug- after the first line fails use as an IV pulse for contaminated surgery (implant surgery)

Question 26

Cefpodaxime proxetil tablets

Answer 26

generic form of Cephalosporin

Question 27

Lincosamides

Answer 27

good activity for gram positive and coccids clindamycin-cidal against a range of anaerobic pathogens happens in periodontal sulces

Question 28

Aminoglycosides

Answer 28

they are very useful but dangerous

Question 29

Must be used parenterally IV or IM or topical

Answer 29

it is aminoglycosides and is heat stable Gentamycin, kanamycin, and stereptomcin

Question 30

what are protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 30

``` Macrolides Erythromycin- soft tissue inluding prostatic fluid tylosin- GI tract tilmicosin- Cattle and Sheep Azithromycin They are mostly in feed additives ```

Question 31

The other protein synthesis inhibitor group

Answer 31

Tetracyclines-Bacteriostatic vs many gram+ and gram- slow down the number and decrease them absorption is compromised with calcium iron and magnesium dont give to puppies or kittens

Question 32

what do you treat with tetracyclines

Answer 32

Mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettiae, spirochetes (syphalis in humans)

Question 33

Quinolones

Answer 33

Bacterial nucleic acid interference broad spectrum of action

Question 34

4 forms of Quinolones

Answer 34

``` Enrofloxacin (baytril) Orbifloxaacin (orbax) Difloxacin- (dicural) Marbofloxacin (Zeniquin) Siprofloxaicn- its another drug used for anthrax ```

Question 35

Nitroimidazoles

Answer 35

Includes metronidazole (flagyl) and it works on the peripheral nerves it can make them ataxic, wobbly, and weak

Question 36

Metronidazole warnings

Answer 36

watch for neurotoxicity especially in cats

Question 37

Folic acid antimetabolites

Answer 37

Sulfonamide group- it inhibit folic acid synthesis and synthesizes antimicrobics

Question 38

Enteric vs systemic infections can be treated with what

Answer 38

cantracin which is the trade name | Sulfadimethoxine or sulfasalazine are both types of the drug

Question 39

Molds and yeast

Answer 39

can be treated with imidazole superficial molds such as dermatophytes and malssezia and be treated with dilute vinegar, lime sulfur dip, lufenuron, terbenefine, and griseofulvin it treats dandrff and seborrheaic dermatitis

Question 40

Antivirals

Answer 40

Viruses that become intracellular residents

Question 41

what do you use to treat viruses

Answer 41

acyclovir (its anti-DNA and prototype antiviral) | Famciclovir treats Fline herpes viral rhinotracheaitis