Chapter 4- Nervous system Flashcards
What are the 3 functions of the nervous system
sensory, integrative and motor
the fundamental unit of the nervous system
neuron or nerve cell
what is the reflex arc composed of
receptor, sensor neuron, a center in the CNS for a synapse, motor neuron, and an effector
what is the parasympathetic division
cholinergic which regulates energy-conserving activity
the sympathetic system
adrenergic which is the flight or fight
what type of receptors does the cholinergic nervous system have
nicotinic and muscarinic
Cholinergic agents- direct acting
acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, bethanechol, pilocarpine, metoclopramide,
Cholinergic- indirect acting (anticholinesterase
edrophonium, neostigmine, physostigmine, organophosphate, demacarium and pyridostigmine
anticholinergic drugs are used for what
diarrhea, vomiting, drying of secretions, dilation of the pupils, ciliary spasm, and sinus bradycardia
what drugs are anticholinergics
atropine, methscopolamine, glycopyrrolate, aminopentamide, propantheline, and pralidoxime
what is atropine
a pre-anesthetic causing dilation of pupils, and is packaged in small-animal and large-animal concentrations
Adrenergic agents are classified as what
catecholamines or noncatecholamines
what are adrenergic agents used for
stimulate the heart beat, reverse hypotension, stregthen the heart, reduce capillary bleeding, urinary incontinence, reduce mucous membrane congestion, prolong local anesthetic, and to treat glaucoma
what are some adrenergic agents
epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine, dopamine, phenylpropanolamine, dobutamine, and albuterol
alpha blockers
phenoxybenzamine, aacepromazine, prazosin, yhimbine, and atipamezole (antisedan)
beta blockers
propranolol, tiolol, atenolol, carteolol, levobunolol, metipranolol
tranquilizers
phenothiazine (dopamine blockers- acepromazine, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, promazine, prochlorperazine), benzodiazepine (diazepam, midazolam, and alprazolam),
alpha 2-agonist
Xylazine (rompun, anased, gemini, sedazine, and cervizine), Detomidine (sedation and analgesia in horses),
alpha 2-adrenergic
Medetomidine (domitor- not available in the US), Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor), romifidine (sedivet)
Barbiturates
there are 3 different types- long acting, short acting, and ultrashort acting. They are used for sedation, seizures, anesthesia, and euthanasia
what are the three barbiturates
phenobarbital (long acting)
pentobarbital (short acting)
thiopental (ultrashort)
Dissociative agents (sedation, restraint, analgesia)
ketamine, tiletamine (telazol)
what are the opioid agonists
mu, kappa, sigma, delta
mu
found in pain-regulating areas of the brain
kappa
found in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord
sigma
responsible for struggling,whining, hallucinations, and mydriatic effects
