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Pharmacology > Chapter 4- Nervous system > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system

A

sensory, integrative and motor

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2
Q

the fundamental unit of the nervous system

A

neuron or nerve cell

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3
Q

what is the reflex arc composed of

A

receptor, sensor neuron, a center in the CNS for a synapse, motor neuron, and an effector

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4
Q

what is the parasympathetic division

A

cholinergic which regulates energy-conserving activity

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5
Q

the sympathetic system

A

adrenergic which is the flight or fight

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6
Q

what type of receptors does the cholinergic nervous system have

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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7
Q

Cholinergic agents- direct acting

A

acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, bethanechol, pilocarpine, metoclopramide,

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8
Q

Cholinergic- indirect acting (anticholinesterase

A

edrophonium, neostigmine, physostigmine, organophosphate, demacarium and pyridostigmine

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9
Q

anticholinergic drugs are used for what

A

diarrhea, vomiting, drying of secretions, dilation of the pupils, ciliary spasm, and sinus bradycardia

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10
Q

what drugs are anticholinergics

A

atropine, methscopolamine, glycopyrrolate, aminopentamide, propantheline, and pralidoxime

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11
Q

what is atropine

A

a pre-anesthetic causing dilation of pupils, and is packaged in small-animal and large-animal concentrations

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12
Q

Adrenergic agents are classified as what

A

catecholamines or noncatecholamines

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13
Q

what are adrenergic agents used for

A

stimulate the heart beat, reverse hypotension, stregthen the heart, reduce capillary bleeding, urinary incontinence, reduce mucous membrane congestion, prolong local anesthetic, and to treat glaucoma

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14
Q

what are some adrenergic agents

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine, dopamine, phenylpropanolamine, dobutamine, and albuterol

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15
Q

alpha blockers

A

phenoxybenzamine, aacepromazine, prazosin, yhimbine, and atipamezole (antisedan)

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16
Q

beta blockers

A

propranolol, tiolol, atenolol, carteolol, levobunolol, metipranolol

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17
Q

tranquilizers

A

phenothiazine (dopamine blockers- acepromazine, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, promazine, prochlorperazine), benzodiazepine (diazepam, midazolam, and alprazolam),

alpha 2-agonist
Xylazine (rompun, anased, gemini, sedazine, and cervizine), Detomidine (sedation and analgesia in horses),

alpha 2-adrenergic
Medetomidine (domitor- not available in the US), Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor), romifidine (sedivet)

18
Q

Barbiturates

A

there are 3 different types- long acting, short acting, and ultrashort acting. They are used for sedation, seizures, anesthesia, and euthanasia

19
Q

what are the three barbiturates

A

phenobarbital (long acting)
pentobarbital (short acting)
thiopental (ultrashort)

20
Q

Dissociative agents (sedation, restraint, analgesia)

A

ketamine, tiletamine (telazol)

21
Q

what are the opioid agonists

A

mu, kappa, sigma, delta

22
Q

mu

A

found in pain-regulating areas of the brain

23
Q

kappa

A

found in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord

24
Q

sigma

A

responsible for struggling,whining, hallucinations, and mydriatic effects

25
Q

delta

A

modify mu receptor

26
Q

naturally occurring narcotics

A

opium, morphine sulfate,

27
Q

synthetic narcotics

A

meperidine, oxymorphone, butorphanol tartrate, fentanyl, hydrocodone biartrate, etorphine, pentazocine, diphenoxylate, apomorphine, methadone, codeine, carfentanil, buprenorphine.

28
Q

Opoid antagonists

A

Naloxone, nalorphine, butophanol

29
Q

Neuroleptanalgesics

A

fentanyl and droperidol

30
Q

Propofol

A

short-acting hypnotic

31
Q

anxiety meds

A

benzodiazepines

32
Q

what drugs are benzodiazepines

A

diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam

33
Q

antidepressants

A

tricyclics, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors, synthetic progestin

34
Q

Euthanasia agents

A

pentobarbital sodium ( sleepaway, fatal plus, pentobarbital generic)

35
Q

adrenergic blockers do what

A

lowers blood pressure, hypotensive, and relaxs capillary beds

36
Q

what are the 4 components of GA

A

hypnosis
amnesia
analgesia
reflex suspension and immobility

37
Q

what are the 4 phases of GA

A

pre-induction and anxiolytics
induction
maintenance
recovery

38
Q

what does propofol cause

A

apnea upon induction

39
Q

Succinylcholine

A

used for horse castrations

couldn’t move but they could feel everything

40
Q

Partition coefficient

A

lower air-blood solubility of an inhaled anesthetic agent produces quicker changes than an agent with a higher blood-to-gas solubility

41
Q

what is MAC

A

Minimum alveolar concentration

42
Q

what does MAC mean

A

inversely proportional to the agents potency so high number are weker agents than lower

Its similar to ED50

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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