Chapter 12 Blood

Question 1

___is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material called plasma

Answer 1

Blood

Question 2

What constitute the formed elements circulating in the plasma?

Answer 2

Erythrocytes Leukocytes, and Platelets

Question 3

_____contains growth factors and other proteins released from platelets during clot formation

Answer 3

Serum

Question 4

___comprise the sedimented material and their volume,

Answer 4

Erythrocytes

Question 5

44% of total blood volume in healthy adults is called

Answer 5

Hematocrit

Question 6

Straw colored, translucent, slightly viscous supernatant comprising 55% of blood at the top half of a centrifugation tube is___

Answer 6

plasma

Question 7

___is a thin gray-white layer between plasma and hematocrit consisting of leukocytes and platelets, both less dense than erythrocytes

Answer 7

Bufffy coat

Question 8

Name 4 functions of blood

Answer 8

• distribute nutrients. hormones, and metabolites throughout the body
• heat distribution/regulation of body temperature
• maintenance of acid-base balance
• maintenance of osmotic balance

Question 9

___is the most abundant plasma protein, made in the liver, and serves primarily to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood

Answer 9

ALbumin

Question 10

Give characteristics of Erythrocytes

Answer 10

• mature RBC’s lack nuclei (lack all organelles)
• flexible
• biconcave shape
• densely filled with hemogllobin
• rely on anaerobic glycolysis for energy
• last 120 days
• produced in bone marrow

Question 11

What benefits does the biconcave shape of red blood cells offer?

Answer 11

• large surface-to-volume ratio to facilitate gas exchange
• flexibility allows them to adapt to small diameters and turns of capillaries
• more foldable

Question 12

____and___are the two cateogories of leukocytes

Answer 12

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Question 13

What are characteristics of granulocytes?

Answer 13

• Azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
• specific granules (bind acid,basic, or netural stains)
• polymorphic nuclei
• nuclei contain lobes

Question 14

What are characteristics of agranulocytes?

Answer 14

• lack specific granules
• contain azurophilic granules
• spherical nucleus
• non-lobulated nuclei

Question 15

____causes leukocytes to rapidly accumulate where their defensive actions are specifically needed

Answer 15

chemotaxis

Question 16

___constitue 50-70% of circulating leukocytes

Answer 16

mature neutrophils

Question 17

___are usually the first leukocytes to arrive at site of infection

Answer 17

Neutrophils

Question 18

Give characteristics of Neutrophils

Answer 18

-multilobed
-neutral stain between purple and pink
-granulocyte
major function: to kill and phagocytose bacteria

Question 19

Give characteristics of Eosinophils

Answer 19

-bilobed
-stain red/dark pink
-granulocyte
Major function: kill parasites and modulate local inflammation

Question 20

Give characteristic of Basophils

Answer 20

-biloobed or s shaped nucleus
-stain dark blue/purple
major function: modulate inflammation and release histamin during allergy

Question 21

Give characteristics of Lymphocytes

Answer 21

-spherical nucleus
-agranulocyte
major function: effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity

Question 22

Give characteristics of monocytes

Answer 22

-indented or C-shaped nucleus
-agranulocyte
major function: precursors of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells

Question 23

When looking for eosinophils whats the major give away?

Answer 23

abundance of large,acidophilic specific granules that stain pink or red

Question 24

_____is the most numerous type of agranulocyte in a normal blood smear

Answer 24

Lymphocytes

Question 25

___is typically the smallest leukocytes

Answer 25

Lymphocytes

Question 26

___ are precursors of osteoclasts,microglia, and other macrophages

Answer 26

Monocytes

Question 27

Give characteristics of Platelets

Answer 27

- non-nucleated - membrane bound cell fragments - formed from bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes pinching off - promote blood clotting - repair tissue damage - short life span of a few days

Question 28

___is the name for when RBC's are stacked upon themselves

Answer 28

Rouleaux

Question 29

Describe what occurs during the degradation and recycling of RBC's

Answer 29

- old RBC's get taken up by the spleen and liver - Globin gets broken down to amino acids (to make new protein) - Heme becomes bilirubin gives crap the brown color