Nervous Tissue

Question 1

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 1

CNS

Question 2

Composed of cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves conducting impulses to and from the CNS and ganglia that are small aggregates of nerve cells outside the CNS

Answer 2

PNS

Question 3

Small aggregates of nerve cells outside the CNS

Answer 3

Ganglia

Question 4

Cells in both PNS and CNS are of two kinds ___ and __

Answer 4

neurons and glials

Question 5

Collectively, 2 functions of the nervous system, ___ and ___

Answer 5

stabilizes intrinsic conditions of the body and maintains behavioral patterns

Question 6

Nerous system develops from the ____of the three early embryonic layers

Answer 6

ectoderm, outermost layer

Question 7

The folding of the neural plate forms the ___which gives rise to the entire CNS including neurons and most glial cells

Answer 7

Neural Tube

Question 8

As the folds fuse and the neural tube separates from the overlying surface, a large population of developmentally important cells called___separate and migrate extensively to differentiast as all the cells of the PNS

Answer 8

Neural Crest

Question 9

where does the CNS and PNS coem from embryonically

Answer 9

CNS- neural tube cells

PNS- neural crest cells

Question 10

___is the portion of the neuron that receives stimuli from other neurons at synapses

Answer 10

Dendrites

Question 11

___is a single process extending from a neuron that generates and conducts nerve impules to other cells

Answer 11

Axons

Question 12

___neurons each have one axon with two or more dendirts and are the most common neurons

Answer 12

Multipolar Neurons

Question 13

___neurons have one dendrite and one axon, these types of neurons comprise the sensory neurons of the retina, olfactory epithelium and inner ear

Answer 13

Bipolar Neuron

Question 14

____neurons have a single process that bifurcates close to the cell body with long branch extending to peripheral end and the other to the CNS

Answer 14

unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons

Question 15

___neurons have many dendrites but no true axon, do not produce action potentials but regulat electrical changes of adjacent CNS neurons

Answer 15

Anaxonic neurons

Question 16

___neurons receive stimuli from receptors throughout the body

Answer 16

Sensory or afferent neurons

Question 17

___neurons send impulses to effector organs such as muscle fibers and glands

Answer 17

Motor neurons or efferent neurons

Question 18

____motor nerves are under voluntary control and innervate skeletal muscle

Answer 18

Somatic motor nerves

Question 19

____motor nerves control the involuntary or unconscious activities of glands, cardiac muscle, and most smooth muscle

Answer 19

Autonomic motor nerves

Question 20

___establish relationships among other neurons forming complex functional networks or circuits in the CNS they are iehter multipolar or anaxonic and comprise 99% of ALL neurons in adults

Answer 20

Interneurons

Question 21

In CNS most cell bodies are in____ and axons are concentrated in the ___

Answer 21

grey matter ; white matter

Question 22

In PNS cell bodies are found in___ and axons are bundled in __

Answer 22

ganglia, nerves

Question 23

____are found only in the PNS and differentiat from precursors of the neural crest. they are the counterparts of oligodendrocytes of the CNS

Answer 23

Schwann Cells

Question 24

____cells are columnar or cuboidal cells that line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

Answer 24

Ependymal cells

Question 25

What is the purpose of cilia on ependymal cells?

Answer 25

The cilia on ependymal cells facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid and long microvilli possible absorption purposes

Question 26

Like neuron, most glial cells develop from progenitor cells of___

Answer 26

the embryonic neural plate

Question 27

___electrically insulates the axon and vacilitatees rapid transmission of nerve impulses

Answer 27

myelin sheath

Question 28

___is the predominant glial cell in white matter CNS

Answer 28

Oligodendrocytes

Question 29

___are the most numerous glial cells of the brain

Answer 29

Astrocytes

Question 30

__ form a thin, intimate glial layer around each large neuronal cell body in the ganglia of the PNS

Answer 30

Satellite cells

Question 31

___exert a trophic or supportive effect on neurons in the PNS, insulating, nourishing, and regulating their microenvironments

Answer 31

Satellite Cells

Question 32

The major structures comprising the CNS are the ___,___,and___

Answer 32

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord

Question 33

The main components of white matter are myelinated axons often grouped togehter as__

Answer 33

tracts

Question 34

Gray matter in the CNS contains the ___

Answer 34

abundance of neuronal cell bodies unlike white matter in the CNS

Question 35

Gray matter makes up the ___of both the cerebrum and the cerebellum; most white matter is found in the deeper regions

Answer 35

thick cortex or surface layer

Question 36

Deep within the brain are localized, variously shaped darker areas called ___

Answer 36

cerebral nuclei

Question 37

What is the function of neurons of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 37

Integration of sensory information and the initiation of voluntary motor responses

Question 38

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 38

- Thick outer molecular layer - Thin middle layer consisting of purkinje cells - Thick inner granular layer

Question 39

____coordinates muscular activity throughout the body and is organized with three layer

Answer 39

cerebellar cortex

Question 40

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain ___

Answer 40

cell bodie of very large motor neurons that make up the vental roots of the spinal nerves

Question 41

The ___of the spinal cord is continuous with the ventricles of the brain and is lined by ependymal cells and contains CSF

Answer 41

central canal

Question 42

The two posterior horns of the spinal cord contain the ___ which receive sensory fibers from the neurons in the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia

Answer 42

Interneurons

Question 43

The central canal of the spinal cord develops from ___

Answer 43

the neural tube

Question 44

What are the three layers of meninges between bone and nervous tissue

Answer 44

- dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater

Question 45

The thick dura mater of the meninges are continuous with__

Answer 45

periosteum of the skull and an inner meningeal layer

Question 46

Around the spinal cord, the dura mater is steparated from the periosteum of the vertebrae by the ___

Answer 46

epidural space

Question 47

Surrounding the trabeculae of the arachnoid layer is the ___ filled with CSF

Answer 47

subarachnoid space

Question 48

What is the purpose of CSF

Answer 48

CSF fluid helps cushion and protect the CNS from minor trauma

Question 49

CSF is produced in the ___

Answer 49

ventricles

Question 50

What is the function of the arachnoid villi

Answer 50

It is site for absorption of CSF into the blood of the venous sinuses

Question 51

The innermost meninge layer___ together with a layer of astrocytic end feet forms a physical barrier separating CNS tissue from CSF in the subarahnoid space

Answer 51

Pia mater

Question 52

Blood vessels penetrate CNS tissue through long____

Answer 52

vascular spaces

Question 53

The___is a functional barrier that allows tight control over passages of substances moving from blood into the CNS tissue

Answer 53

Blood brain barrier

Question 54

The main structural component of the blood brain barrier is ____

Answer 54

capillary endothelium

Question 55

There are three places where there is no blood brain barrier

Answer 55

- regions of the hypothalamus where plasma components are monitored - posterior pituitary which releases hormones - choroid plexus where CSF is produced

Question 56

___consists of highly vascular tissue, elaborately folded and projecting into the large ventricles of the brain

Answer 56

Choroid Plexus

Question 57

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

Answer 57

- To remove water from blood and release it as the CSF - provides ions required for CNS neuronal activity - serves to absorb mechanical shocks in the arachnoid

Question 58

The main components of the peripheral nervous system are ___,___,and_.

Answer 58

nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings

Question 59

Nerve fibers are analagous to___ in the CNS

Answer 59

tracts, containing axons enclosed within sheaths of glial cells specialized to facilitate axonal functions

Question 60

What is a major difference between oligodendrocyte and schwann cell?

Answer 60

Unlike oligodendrocytes of the CNS, a Schwann cell forms myelin around only a portion of one axon

Question 61

Between adjacent Schwann cells on an axon the myelin sheath has gaps called___where the axon is partially covered by interdigitating Schwann cell processes

Answer 61

nodes of Ranvier

Question 62

In the PNS nerve fibers are grouped into bundles to form__

Answer 62

Nerves

Question 63

Immediately around the external lamina of the Schwann cells is a thin layer called the ___ consisting of reticular fibers, scattered fibroblasts, and capillaries

Answer 63

Endoneurium

Question 64

Groups of axons with Schwann cells and endoneurium are bundled together as____by a sleeve of perineurium

Answer 64

fascicles

Question 65

Peripheral nerves have a dense, irregular firbous coat called the __ which extends deeply to fill the space between fascicles

Answer 65

Perineurium

Question 66

___fibers carry information from internal body regions and the environment to the CNS

Answer 66

afferent

Question 67

____fibers carry impulses from the CNS to effector organs

Answer 67

Efferents

Question 68

Nerves carrying only fibers carrying impulses to the effect (source) are called__

Answer 68

motor nerves

Question 69

Nerves possessing only sensory fibers are called __

Answer 69

sensory nerves

Question 70

__are typically ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies and satellite cells surrounded by a denser capsule

Answer 70

Ganglia

Question 71

What determines whether the ganglion will be a sensory or an autonomic ganglion?

Answer 71

The direction of the nerve impulse