Chapter 12: Protista, Plants, and Fungi

Question 1

The eukaryotic domain of four kingdoms

Answer 1

1) Protista
2) Plantae
3) Fungi
4) Animalia

Question 2

Eukaryotes arose ~ 2.5 bya and had

Answer 2

Larger sizes, organelles/nucleus, sexual reproduction, multicellularity (sometimes)

Question 3

Protista

Answer 3

Highly variable: defined as eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals

Question 4

Most protists are

Answer 4

Single-celled and microscopic

Question 5

Multiple metabolic pathways

Answer 5

Autotrophs, heterotrophs, or mixotrophs (opportunistic)

Question 6

Effect of Protista:

Answer 6

1. Some are pathogens
   - Toxic algal blooms
   - Malaria
2. Some are useful
   -Decomposers, digestion assisters (ruminants)
   -Foundation of marine food chains (plankton)
   -Oxygen production

Question 7

Plants are

Answer 7

Terrestrial, multicellular eukaryotic photoautotrophs

Question 8

Plants have evolved from

Answer 8

Water-based algae ancestors, making major structural adaptations to live out of water

Question 9

The reproductive structure contains:

Answer 9

Spores and gametes

Question 10

Leaf perform

Answer 10

Photosynthesis

Question 11

Cuticle reduces

Answer 11

Water loss

Question 12

Stomata regulate

Answer 12

Gas exchange

Question 13

Shoot support

Answer 13

Plants

Question 14

Surrounding water supports what part of the plant?

Answer 14

Alga

Question 15

The whole alga performs

Answer 15

Photosynthesis absorb water, CO2, and mineral from the water

Question 16

Roots anchor plant:

Answer 16

Absorb water and minerals from the soil (aided by fungi)

Question 17

Roots

Answer 17

Underground, and utilized in gathering mineral plus water resources from the ground

Question 18

Symbiotic relationship with fungi (mycorrhizae) to

Answer 18

Maximize absorption and transport up via xylem

Question 19

Shoots

Answer 19

Above ground; gather CO2 plus sunlight from the atmosphere

Question 20

Leaves maximize surface area.

Answer 20

Transport sugars throughout plant via phloem

Question 21

Flower maximize

Answer 21

Reproductive success

Question 22

Vascular tissue including two what?

Answer 22

1) Phloem
2) Xylem

Question 23

Four significant development in the evolution of plants

Answer 23

1) Becoming terrestrial
2) Developing vascular tissue
3) Seeds
4) Flowers

Question 24

Four major taxa of plants

Answer 24

1) Bryophytes (mosses)
2) Pterophytes (ferns)
3) Gymnosperms (naked-seed plants)
4) Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Question 25

Bryophytes

Answer 25

Non-vascular plants

Question 26

Ferns

Answer 26

Seedless vascular plants

Question 27

Gymnosperms

Answer 27

Naked seed plants

Question 28

Angiosperms

Answer 28

Flowering plant

Question 29

Bryophytes

Answer 29

Waxy cuticle minimizes dehydrations

Question 30

Bryophytes have no

Answer 30

Vascular tissue = very short

Question 31

Bryophytes require water for

Answer 31

Sperm to find eggs; after fertilization produce spores

Question 32

Very small haploid cell with tough outer covering that can

Answer 32

Develop into new plant

Question 33

Only found in

Answer 33

Damp, shady regions

Question 34

Pterophytes (Ferns)

Answer 34

1) Vascular tissue allows greater height 2) Water still required for sperm to find egg 3) Spores produced in sori

Question 35

Gymnosperms

Answer 35

Extensive vascular tissue + woody tissue allows great height

Question 36

Pollen

Answer 36

Small, light, non-motile, and sperm removes significant water barrier and generally win pollinated

Question 37

Seeds vs spores allows

Answer 37

Better germination odds and the package embryo with food supply

Question 38

Angiosperms

Answer 38

1) Flowering plant and hugely successful in modern time

Question 39

Pollinators allows species

Answer 39

Specific transfer of gametes

Question 40

Flower structure highly adaptable specialized to

Answer 40

Attract specific pollinators

Question 41

Fruit production allows for

Answer 41

Reliable dispersal of seeds away from parent

Question 42

Stamen

Answer 42

1) Anther 2) Filament

Question 43

Carpel

Answer 43

1) Stigma 2) Style 3) Ovary

Question 44

Top part of the plant: Petal

Answer 44

Ovule and sepal for the last two part

Question 45

Human and plants

Answer 45

1) Extensive use of gymnosperms and angiosperms Ex: Fuel, building material, paper, food, medicine, air filtration, O2 production 2) Modern life threatens many species with extinction

Question 46

Fungi

Answer 46

Not plant, single, or multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs

Question 47

Fungi 1

Answer 47

Not just mushroom either - yeast + molds too

Question 48

Fungi consume nutrient via

Answer 48

Absorption, a form of extracellular digestion

Question 49

Secrete digestive enzymes onto

Answer 49

Food source, then mop up smaller compounds

Question 50

Fungi importance of

Answer 50

Decomposers in most ecosystems

Question 51

Hyphae

Answer 51

Individual thin, thread-like strands that weave together to form mycelium which is mostly underground

Question 52

Fungal cells have

Answer 52

Cell walls made of chitin (also seen in animals)

Question 53

Reproduce sexually or asexually via

Answer 53

Many spores

Question 54

Impacts of Fungi: Positive impact

Answer 54

1) Decomposers 2) Mycorrhizae 3) Food production 4) Medicine

Question 55

Decomposers

Answer 55

Recycle nutrients making them available again

Question 56

Mycorrhizae

Answer 56

Assist plant roots to more effectively take up water and essential minerals

Question 57

Another classic example of

Answer 57

Symbiosis: lichen

Question 58

Food/food production

Answer 58

Some edible versions; used in production of dairy products and alcoholic drinks

Question 59

Medicine

Answer 59

Some fungi produce chemical compounds used medicinally or recreationally

Question 60

Anatomy of tree bottom

Answer 60

1) Roots 2) Fungus 3) Root surrounded by fungus 4) Mycorrhizae: symbiotic associations of fungi and roots

Question 61

Impacts of Fungi (Negative side)

Answer 61

1) Parasitic versions 2) Poisons 3) Rots

Question 62

Parasitic versions

Answer 62

Many fungi are pathogenic (yeast infections, ringworm, Athletes's root) and may be fatal

Question 63

There are far more

Answer 63

Parasitizes plants than animals

Question 64

Poisons

Answer 64

Many fungi are toxic

Question 65

Rots

Answer 65

Crops/groceries go bad due to mold and other fungal infection