Chapter 7: Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance

Question 1

Chromosome

Answer 1

The structure that contains genetic information (DNA) and allows for transfer from one generation to the next

Question 2

Sections of DNA that code for specific what?

Answer 2

Proteins = genes

Question 3

DNA + proteins that assist in

Answer 3

Organizational structure = chromatin

Question 4

Human have

Answer 4

46 chromosomes

Question 5

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

Answer 5

1 copy from each parent

Question 6

This makes us

Answer 6

Diploid (2 sets) not haploid (1 set)

Question 7

Sister chromatids

Answer 7

In dividing cells, each chromosome has two sister chromatids connected at the centromere.

Question 8

The cell cycle: Cell growth is regulated by

Answer 8

The cell cycle, divided into dividing and non-dividing (interphase) sections

Question 9

Gap 1: Cell does

Answer 9

Its job, by growing and prepares

Question 10

DNA synthesis (S-phase)

Answer 10

Copies of chromosomes are made

Question 11

Gap 2: Further prep for

Answer 11

Cell division, including growth and checking DNA copies for errors

Question 12

Mitosis

Answer 12

The general form of replication (growth, replacement)

Question 13

Mitosis does not require genetic input from

Answer 13

Another organism, thus asexual

Question 14

Step of mitosis

Answer 14

1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase
5) Cytokinesis

Question 15

Prophase

Answer 15

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope degrades

Question 16

Metaphase

Answer 16

Sister chromatids line up along the center of the cell

Question 17

Anaphase

Answer 17

Sister chromatids pairs separate pulled to opposite poles in the cell

Question 18

Telophase

Answer 18

Chromosomes uncoil, the new nucleus forms, cleavage into two daughter cells

Question 19

Cytokinesis

Answer 19

Splitting up of cytoplasm, replicating of organelles, final separation

Question 20

Meiosis

Answer 20

Specialized type of cell division only for sexual reproduction and only found in diploid organisms

Question 21

Two keys differences from mitosis

Answer 21

1) Meiosis reduces the genetic material found in daughter cells
2) Produces cells that are different from each other (allelic variations)

Question 22

Steps of meiosis

Answer 22

1) Prophase 1
2) Metaphase 1
3) Anaphase 1
4) Telophase 1

Question 23

Prophase 1

Answer 23

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope degrades, crossing over occurs

Question 24

Metaphase 1

Answer 24

Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell

Question 25

Anaphase 1

Answer 25

Homologous chromosomes separate, pulled to opposite poles in the cell

Question 26

Telophase 1

Answer 26

Chromatids form the new nucleus, cells separate, cytokinesis occurs

Question 27

Note the difference from mitosis

Answer 27

1) In mitosis: 2 identical daughter cells produced 2) In meiosis: 2 different, haploid daughter cells produced

Question 28

Steps of meiosis (Continued)

Answer 28

1) Prophase 2 2) Metaphase 2 3) Anaphase 2 4) Telophase 2

Question 29

Prophase 2

Answer 29

Chromosomes recondense

Question 30

Metaphase 2

Answer 30

Sister chromatids line up along the center of the cell

Question 31

Anaphase 2

Answer 31

Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles of the cells

Question 32

Telophase 2

Answer 32

Chromosome uncoil, new nucleus forms, cytokinesis occurs

Question 33

Result of meiosis

Answer 33

Get 4 unique, haploid cells from 1 diploid cell

Question 34

These unique haploid cells are

Answer 34

Gametes (sex cells, sperm/eggs)

Question 35

Meiosis only occurs in the

Answer 35

Gonads, and is only for sexual reproduction

Question 36

In humans, there are

Answer 36

46 chromosomes total

Question 37

Because we are diploid organisms, there are

Answer 37

23 homologous pairs

Question 38

Each sperm or egg contains

Answer 38

23 chromosomes

Question 39

Female gametes are

Answer 39

Bigger than male gametes

Question 40

Male gametes tend to be

Answer 40

Motile have very little cytoplasm, and produce 4 equal daughter cells via meiosis

Question 41

Female gametes tend to be

Answer 41

Non-motile, with cytoplasm and divide unevenly to produce only one viable daughter cell via meiosis

Question 42

Why sexual reproduction?

Answer 42

1) Asexual reproduction 2) Sexual reproduction 3) Variability

Question 43

Asexual reproduction

Answer 43

More efficient, it allows parental DNA to be directly carried to the next generation (removing the risk of not finding a mate)

Question 44

Sexual reproduction

Answer 44

High variability 1) Crossing over creates unique allelic combinations 2) Shuffling of homologous adds variability 3) Fertilization (mixing of 2 individuals to create 1)

Question 45

Variability

Answer 45

Adaptation to change (beneficial for survival in a changing environment)

Question 46

Sex determination one of the 23 chromosomes in humans determines gender (male or female)

Answer 46

Female: XX (homozygous) Male: XY (heterozygous)

Question 47

How do we know that no essential genetic information is

Answer 47

Carried on the Y chromosome

Question 48

In birds, heterozygous individuals are

Answer 48

Female

Question 49

Female is not

Answer 49

Default in all species

Question 50

In many insect species,

Answer 50

1) Haploid: Male 2) Diploid: Female

Question 51

In reptiles, the mother selects the sex of

Answer 51

Offspring by regulating nest temperature

Question 52

Chromosomal Irregularities

Answer 52

Nondisjunction

Question 53

Nondisjunction

Answer 53

Unbalanced division during meiosis causes polyploidy (more than 2 copies of a chromosome) or missing chromosomes

Question 54

Nondisjunction

Answer 54

1) Not necessarily fatal 2) Common in plants 3) In humans, extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome

Question 55

Sex chromosome issues

Answer 55

In human

Question 56

X-Turner syndrome

Answer 56

Express as underdeveloped females, typically sterile

Question 57

XXY-Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 57

Rarely diagnosed; requires reproductive assistance

Question 58

XYY-Jacobs syndrome

Answer 58

Very tall, acne-prone, speech/reading problems

Question 59

XXX Poly-X females

Answer 59

Normal appearance, motor, language delays possible