Chapter 6: Photosynthesis & Cellular Respirations

Question 1

Photosynthesis turns light energy into

Answer 1

Chemical energy occurs in autotrophs

Question 2

Reactants

Answer 2

CO2, H2O, light (+pigment)

Question 3

Products

Answer 3

Glucose O2

Question 4

Photosynthesis occurs in

Answer 4

Chloroplast (found in green sections of plants)

Question 5

Plants create solid tissue out of thin air, water, and a few elements

Answer 5

In the soil

Question 6

The overview photosynthesis

Answer 6

Step 1: Capture light energy (thylakoid/chlorophyll), aka light-dependent reaction
Step 2: Make glucose using captured energy (stroma/Calvin cycle), aka light-independent reaction

Question 7

Light travels in waves of different lengths at

Answer 7

Different energy levels

Question 8

Visible light is

Answer 8

Just a fraction of the energy of light (the visible spectrum) involved in photosynthesis

Question 9

Key ideas: Wavelengths can be

Answer 9

Absorbed or reflected

Question 10

Photosynthetic pigments

Answer 10

Primary pigment = chlorophyll (green): Reflects greenish li.ght; absorbs other colors

Question 11

Light capture

Answer 11

Chlorophyll uses light energy to bump up an electron to a higher energy state

Question 12

Photons are

Answer 12

“Packets” of light energy

Question 13

Light-dependent reaction

Answer 13

Clusters of chlorophyll pass energy captured from sunlight to a primary election acceptor in the reaction center

Question 14

Light-independent reaction

Answer 14

Aka the Calvin Cycle - where sugar is made, using the NADPH and ATP from the light dependent reaction, and CO2 from the atmosphere

Question 15

Evolution Tie-In

Answer 15

1) The quantity of light around the globe differs
2) Hot climate plants would lose too much water if their stomata were open all the time to allow CO2 absorption
3) Plants in these areas had to adapt and develop alternate methods of maintaining photosynthesis without dehydrating

Question 16

Cellular respiration

Answer 16

Release chemical energy from food (acquired via photosynthesis, directly or indirectly)

Question 17

In a nutshell:

Answer 17

1) Reactants: organic molecule + oxygen
2) Products: CO2+H2O+ATP

Question 18

It occurs in three stages

Answer 18

1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs (Citric acid) cycle
3) Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 19

Glycolysis

Answer 19

The splitting of glucose (sugar)

Question 20

Glycolysis occurs in the

Answer 20

Cytosol

Question 21

It breaks one molecule of glucose into

Answer 21

Two molecules of pyruvate

Question 22

Glycolysis invest

Answer 22

Two ATP molecules

Question 23

Glycolysis receive

Answer 23

Four ATP + Two NADH

Question 24

Glycolysis net gain

Answer 24

Two ATP + Two NADH

Question 25

Cellular respiration: Krebs

Answer 25

1) Complete the breakdown of pyruvate 2) Occurs in the mitochondria

Question 26

Cellular respiration: Krebs key events

Answer 26

1) Acetyl-CoA Production 2) Krebs cycle

Question 27

Acetyl-CoA: Compound that pyruvate is

Answer 27

Converted to upon entering mitochondrion

Question 28

The enzyme-catalyzed reaction leads to

Answer 28

1) Release of the CO2 molecule 2) Acetate creation transform NAD+ to NADH 3) Coenzyme A (from a B vitamin) is added to acetate (forming acetyl-CoA), making it unstable

Question 29

Krebs Cycle

Answer 29

8-steps process that adds the unstable acetyl-CoA to a recycled molecule (oxaloacetate) resulting in the production of CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP

Question 30

More energy is released from the original glucose molecule, and CO2 is

Answer 30

Released

Question 31

Electron transport chain

Answer 31

One glucose molecule = Four net ATP molecules, plus NADH and FADH2

Question 32

Similar to photosynthesis, the electron transport chain lies on

Answer 32

The inner membrane of the mitochondria and is where ATP is synthesized

Question 33

ATP synthesis occurs on the matrix membrane with

Answer 33

The protein ATP synthase

Question 34

Only part of the membrane that is

Answer 34

H+ permeable (allow H+ in)

Question 35

Using the concentration gradient from the ion pumps of the electron transport chain

Answer 35

ATP synthase uses the movement of the ions to add a phosphate group to ADP, creating ATP

Question 36

Get ~34 ATP

Answer 36

Per glucose molecule

Question 37

Cellular respiration overview of the process

Answer 37

Glucose, pyruvate, NADH+FADH2, membrane proteins + ATP synthase, and ATP

Question 38

Cellular respiration using glycolysis, Krebs, and electron to

Answer 38

Transport chain

Question 39

The math: 1 NADH creates 2-3 ATP

Answer 39

1 FADH2 creates ~ 2 ATP

Question 40

Combination of all cellular respiration processes =

Answer 40

38 ATP from one glucose

Question 41

Glycolysis revisited: Some organisms use glycolysis exclusively for

Answer 41

Energy, and the process of fermentation

Question 42

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 42

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol (brewing/wine production)

Question 43

Lactic acid fermentation

Answer 43

Pyruvate reduced to lactate (dairy products, anaerobic exercise)

Question 44

Fermentation

Answer 44

Anaerobic, electron acceptor: organic molecule, net 2 ATP molecules, and location: cytosol

Question 45

Respiration

Answer 45

Aerobic, electron acceptor: oxygen, net 38 ATP molecules, and location: cytosol and mitochondria

Question 46

Cellular respiration can run on

Answer 46

Fats, carbs, or proteins

Question 47

Cellular respiration typically occurs by breaking them into

Answer 47

Simple sources of carbon

Question 48

Fatty acids can be modified to

Answer 48

Acetyl-CoA

Question 49

Take-away lesson: food can enter

Answer 49

The process at any point, it doesn't have to go through every step