Chapter 8: Genetics: Mendel & Inheritance

Question 1

Maternal and Paternal chromosome pair

Answer 1

Gene

Question 2

Human have

Answer 2

23 pairs of chromosomes = (46 individual chromosomes) and two copies of each gene

Question 3

Maternal gamete: egg + Paternal gamete: sperm

Answer 3

Gametes unite during fertilization

Question 4

Each human gamete has just

Answer 4

One copy of each chromosome and, thus, one copy of each gene

Question 5

Child inherit one set of

Answer 5

Chromosomes from each parent and thus two copies of each gene

Question 6

Heredity (inheritance)

Answer 6

Passing characteristics parents to offspring by sexual reproduction

Question 7

Variation in traits (characteristics) via alleles

Answer 7

Different versions of a gene

Question 8

Some trait are controlled by

Answer 8

Just one gene (single-gene traits) and most are multifactorial and eye colors

Question 9

Gregor Mendel

Answer 9

Discovered rules of inheritance decades before modern understanding of genetics

Question 10

Working with pea plants, realized characters had

Answer 10

Particular forms (traits) (white/purple, tall/short)

Question 11

Looking for heritable traits:

Answer 11

Traits passed from parents to offspring

Question 12

True breeding traits (a plant that always produces)

Answer 12

Offspring like it

Question 13

Generally, crossed parental generation (P) to produce

Answer 13

1st filial generation (F1), which then self-pollinate to 2nd filial generation (F2)

Question 14

F1 plants exhibiting one trait sometimes produced

Answer 14

Offspring (F2) with another trait

Question 15

F1 plants exhibiting one trait sometimes produced

Answer 15

Offspring (F2) with another trait

Question 16

Dominant (capital letters) and recessive (lower case letters) version of traits

Answer 16

Dominant will express over recessive and trait along with it

Question 17

Accepting particulate theory: If no blending occurs, inheritance must be through

Answer 17

Discrete units (particles), must get one from each parent and can pass on either to offspring

Question 18

Gene

Answer 18

Unit of inheritance, a sequence of DNA found on a chromosome at the locus (loci)

Question 19

Allele

Answer 19

Different forms of a gene

Question 20

Genome

Answer 20

All of the genes in an individual

Question 21

Allele: If you carry two copies of a gene (2 allele)

Answer 21

1) You must be diploid (1 copy = haploid)
2) You could carry different copies (heterozygous)
3) You could carry the same copy (homozygous) and they could be dominant or recessive

Question 22

The genes you carry =

Answer 22

Genotype

Question 23

The traits you exhibit =

Answer 23

Phenotype

Question 24

Mendel law: First law:

Answer 24

The law of segregation

Question 25

Gametes will always get

Answer 25

1 of the 2 copies (alleles) that the parent has (via meisois)

Question 26

In a cross between true breeding parents:

Answer 26

AA x aa

Question 27

All offspring must have

Answer 27

Genotype Aa

Question 28

One character breeding =

Answer 28

Monohybrid cross

Question 29

Can use a Punnett square to

Answer 29

Estimate offspring genotypes and phenotypes

Question 30

A Punnett square is

Answer 30

Showing the probability (chance) of getting a particular genotype 1) Probability: 1 = 100% 2) Probability: 0 = 0% 3) Probability: 0.5 = 50%

Question 31

Should have 50% (0.5) chance of inheriting either allele of parent for

Answer 31

All genes

Question 32

Test crosses can

Answer 32

Determine genotype of an unknown organism (heterozygous or homozygous)

Question 33

Cross unknown (brown) with known (true-breeding)

Answer 33

Recessive white

Question 34

If unknown is homozygous, all progeny will be like

Answer 34

Unknown (brown)

Question 35

If unknown is heterozygous, only half of progeny will be like

Answer 35

Unknown (brown/white)

Question 36

Mendel' laws: Second laws

Answer 36

The law of independent assortment

Question 37

Alleles are inherited

Answer 37

Independently of other alleles

Question 38

In a test cross of parents:

Answer 38

AaBb x AaBb

Question 39

Gametes are equally likely to get

Answer 39

Aa or AB (A and B are not influenced by each other)

Question 40

Two character breeding

Answer 40

Dihybrid cross

Question 41

Independent assortment: Generally true

Answer 41

Make recombinant phenotypes (some of mom and some of dad)

Question 42

Independent assortment happens

Answer 42

If genes are unlinked

Question 43

In some cases, genes that are

Answer 43

Physically close together (their loci are near each other), tend to get inherited together (linked)

Question 44

Chromosome are independently assorted, but

Answer 44

Genes might not be

Question 45

When trait is recessive, can have

Answer 45

Carriers (non-affected individuals who can pass on the allele)

Question 46

One good copy can mask

Answer 46

The presence of a bad copy

Question 47

Two bad copies expresses

Answer 47

The trait

Question 48

Sex-linked traits

Answer 48

Trait carried on sex chromosomes

Question 49

Particular problem: If the problem is recessive, males are more likely to be

Answer 49

Affected (hemophilia and colorblindless)

Question 50

Sex-linked traits: Colorblindness

Answer 50

1) Recessive allele carried on the X-chromosome is non-functional 2) Relatively rare, since only need 1 functional copy to distinguish colors 3) Far more common in males than females 4) For a female to be colorblined, must inherit 2 colorblind alleles (thus dad must be colorblind and mon must be a carrier or colorblind)

Question 51

Dominance issues: Not all traits have

Answer 51

Simple expression

Question 52

Dominance issues: Incomplete dominance

Answer 52

Provides a middle (intermediate) phenotype

Question 53

Codominance

Answer 53

Equal expression of different alleles

Question 54

Multiple alleles

Answer 54

1) Although individuals only carry 2 alleles, there may be more alleles available 2) Blood type alleles for O, A and B

Question 55

Polygeny/Pleiotropy: Unlike single-gene traits, many traits are influenced by

Answer 55

Multiple genes (polygenic)

Question 56

Reverse of polygeny =

Answer 56

Pleiotropy: one gene influencing multiple traits

Question 57

Nature vs Nurture: Environment can have a large role in

Answer 57

Translation between genotype and phenotype