Chapter 12 - Social Psychology

Question 1

What is social psychology?

Answer 1

Area of study that attempts to explain how the actual, imagine, or implied presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals

Question 2

What is the likelihood that an overall impression or judgement of another will be influenced by the first information received about the person?

Answer 2

Primacy effect

Question 3

What are personal biases that affect our attitude toward other people?

Answer 3

Expectations

Question 4

What is the term for a person attributing behavior to some external cause or factor operating with the situation?

Answer 4

Situational attribution

Question 5

What is the term for a person attributing behaviour to some internal cause or personal trait?

Answer 5

Dispositional attributions

Question 6

What is the tendency to attribute our shortcomings to situational factors rather than internal ones?

Answer 6

Actor-observer bias

Question 7

What type of attribution is overemphasizing internal factors and underestimating external factors when explaining another person’s behavior?

Answer 7

Fundamental attribution error

Question 8

What is the term for observing another person and making a judgment without knowing all the details?

Answer 8

Fundamental attribution error

Question 9

What is our tendency to attribute our successes to dispositional causes, and failures to situational causes?

Answer 9

Self-serving bias

Question 10

How is proximity a major factor in attraction?

Answer 10

We tend to do what’s convenient

Question 11

What is the tendency of people to develop more positive evaluation of some person, object or other stimulus with repeated exposure to it?

Answer 11

Mere-exposure effect

Question 12

What is the term for the tendency to like people if we believe they like us?

Answer 12

Reciprocity or reciprocal liking

Question 13

What is considered attractive in any given population?

Answer 13

Average features

Question 14

What is the notion that people tend to have partners and friends who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness?

Answer 14

Matching hypothesis

Question 15

Is the notion that opposites attract true?

Answer 15

Spouses tend to complement each other

Question 16

What is changing a behaviour to be consistent with the norms of the group?

Answer 16

Conformity

Question 17

What are the attitudes and standards of behavior expected of members of a particular group?

Answer 17

Norms

Question 18

Which psychologist is famous for his experiments showing social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect?

Answer 18

Solomon Asch

Question 19

What were Asch’s findings with his conformity experiment?

Answer 19

The larger the group, the more likely a person was to conform to the consensus of the group

Question 20

Which psychologist did the obedience experiment using shocks as punishment?

Answer 20

Stanley Milgram

Question 21

How many people continued to use shocks until the end of the Stanley Milgram’s experiment?

Answer 21

65%

Question 22

Which psychologist is known for the Stanford Prison Experiment?

Answer 22

Philip Zimbardo

Question 23

What were the findings of the Stanford Prison Experiment?

Answer 23

People lose track of reality quickly and become aggressive or hostile. They justify their behavior as “I was just doing my job”. There is a need for ethics and regulation

Question 24

What is the compliance technique where you first make a small request and then you follow it with a larger request?

Answer 24

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

Question 25

What is the Door-in-the-Face Technique?

Answer 25

First make a large unreasonable request and follow it with a small request

Question 26

What is the Low-Ball Technique?

Answer 26

Get person to agree to attractive terms and then the terms are changed to be less favourable

Question 27

What refers to any effect on performance, whether positive or negative, that can be attributed to the presence of others?

Answer 27

Social facilitation

Question 28

What is the impact of passive spectators?

Answer 28

Audience effect

Question 29

What is the impact on performance caused by presence of others engaged in same task?

Answer 29

Co-Action effect

Question 30

What is the tendency to exert less effort when working with others than when working alone?

Answer 30

Social Loafing

Question 31

When effect does group polarization have?

Answer 31

Causes people to shift to more extreme positions, especially when they have to save face

Question 32

What is the term for tight-knit groups making poor decisions because they are more interested in maintaining group cohesion than getting the right answer?

Answer 32

Groupthink

Question 33

What are the ABC’s of psychology, showing the 3 components of attitudes?

Answer 33

1) emotional (Affect) component 2) Behavioural component 3) Cognitive component

Question 34

In what conditions are attitudes good predictors of behavior?

Answer 34

1) attitudes strongly held 2) attitudes readily accessible in memory 3) attitudes vitally affect our interests

Question 35

What is the unpleasant state than can occur when people become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior?

Answer 35

Cognitive dissonance

Question 36

What is incompatibility between our belief, actions and attitudes?

Answer 36

Cognitive dissonance

Question 37

How do we reduce cognitive dissonance?

Answer 37

1) changing behavior or attitude 2) explaining away the inconsistency 3) reducing its importance

Question 38

What is a deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes or behaviour of another?

Answer 38

Persuasion

Question 39

What are the 4 elements of persuasion?

Answer 39

1) source 2) audience 3) message 4) medium

Question 40

What are negative attitudes toward others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group?

Answer 40

Prejudice

Question 41

What is negative behavior directed toward others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group?

Answer 41

Discrimination

Question 42

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Answer 42

``` Prejudice = thoughts Discrimination = actions ```

Question 43

What is giving special treatment or higher evaluations to individuals from groups that have been the target of discrimination e.g. women and minorities in policing?

Answer 43

Reverse discrimination

Question 44

What suggests that people learn attitudes of prejudice and hatred the same way they learn other attitudes - by modeling from their closest associates?

Answer 44

Social learning theory

Question 45

Who developed the social learning theory?

Answer 45

Albert Bandura

Question 46

What is differential association according to Edwin Sutherland?

Answer 46

People learn criminal behavior based on interactions they have with others and the values they receive during that interaction

Question 47

What is the notion that prejudices arise when social groups must compete for scarce economic resources?

Answer 47

Realistic conflict theory

Question 48

What is a social group with a strong sense of togetherness, and others are excluded?

Answer 48

In-group

Question 49

What is a social group specifically identified by the in-groups as not belonging?

Answer 49

Out-group conflict

Question 50

What are mental processes that people use to notice, interpret, remember and apply information about the social world and enable them to build schemas?

Answer 50

Social cognition

Question 51

What are widely shared beliefs about the characteristic traits, attitudes and behaviours of members of various social groups?

Answer 51

Stereotypes

Question 52

What is the notion that prejudice can be reduced through increased contact with members of different social groups?

Answer 52

Contact hypothesis

Question 53

What is our tendency to separate ourselves into social categories which creates an us and them mentality?

Answer 53

Extending boundaries

Question 54

What is the term for the probability of a victim receiving help decreasing as the number of bystanders at an emergency increases?

Answer 54

Bystander effect

Question 55

Why does the bystander effect occur?

Answer 55

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 56

What is the tendency to feel less responsible in the presence of other people?

Answer 56

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 57

What is behavior that benefits others, such as helping, cooperation and sympathy?

Answer 57

Prosocial behaviour

Question 58

What is behaviour aimed at helping another, requiring some self-sacrifice and not designed for personal gain or reward?

Answer 58

Altruism

Question 59

When are people more likely to help?

Answer 59

1) specialized training 2) not in a hurry 3) have had positive role models 4) in a good mood 5) weather is good

Question 60

Are genetics involved in aggression?

Answer 60

Yes

Question 61

What is interference with the attainment of a goal or the blocking of an impulse, known as anomy?

Answer 61

Frustration

Question 62

What is the hypothesis that frustration causes aggression?

Answer 62

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 63

What is displacing aggression onto minority groups or other innocent targets who were not responsible for the frustration causing the aggression?

Answer 63

Scapegoating

Question 64

What is the scapegoat theory?

Answer 64

Disadvantaged people who unfairly blame minorities for their own problems

Question 65

Who proposed that societies that condone violence have higher incidence of violence?

Answer 65

Albert Bandura

Question 66

What is one of the best predictors of how aggressive a young man will be by 19?

Answer 66

What TV programs he watches when he is 8 years old