Chapter 13 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What defines a psychological disorder?
A
Patterns of behavior or mental processes connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning
2
Q
What is the flat affect?
A
Severe reduction in emotional expressiveness or a faulty perception of reality
3
Q
What is a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality?
A
Hallucination
4
Q
What is an inaccurate belief of being victimized or persecuted?
A
Idea of persecution
5
Q
Why are there concerns about the reliability and validity of the DSM-5?
A
Categories are determined by a consensus of esteemed psychiatrists rather than empirical evidence
6
Q
What does the DSM-5 include?
A
- symptomology
- typical age of onset
- predispositions
- prognoses
- prevalence in the population
7
Q
What is the percentage of Canadians that will meet the criteria for a DSM-5 disorder in their lifetime?
A
50%
8
Q
How many Canadian are affected with Seasonal Affective Disorder each year?
A
1 million
9
Q
What is SAD associated with?
A
Diminished sunlight hours (low vitamin D). Relieved with light treatment or going to the sun
10
Q
What is a serious to severe depressive disorder in which the person may show loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing?
A
Major Depressive Disorder
11
Q
What is a condition in which one’s mood alternates between two extreme poles, mania and depression?
A
Bipolar disorder
12
Q
Do external events effect the cycle of the two moods in bipolar disorder?
A
No
13
Q
Which stage of bipolar shows excessive excitement?
A
Manic
14
Q
Which stage is comparable to characteristics of MDD, including elevated risk of suicide?
A
Depression
15
Q
When do neurodevelopmental disorders first appear?
A
Childhood
16
Q
What are two neurodevelopmental disorders?
A
1) autism spectrum disorder
2) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
17
Q
What are two primary criteria for Autism spectrum disorder?
A
1) impaired social interaction
2) restrictive and repetitive behavior
18
Q
What percentage of the population is diagnosed with autism?
A
1%
19
Q
With disorder is the inability to focus one’s attention?
A
ADHD
20
Q
What percentage of kids and adults are diagnosed with ADHD?
A
5% children and 2.5% adults
21
Q
What is a psychological symptom of anxiety?
A
Worrying, fear of worst-case scenario, nervousness and inability to relax
22
Q
What is a physical symptom of anxiety?
A
Arousal of sympathetic branch or sympathetic nervous system
23
Q
What is the persistent fear of a specific object or situation?
A
Specific phobia
24
Q
What is the fear of tight, small spaces?
A
Claustrophobia
25
What is the fear of high places?
Acrophobia
26
What is the irrational, excessive fear of public scrutiny?
Social phobia
27
What is the fear of open and crowded places?
Agorophobia
28
What is the recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety?
Panic disorder
29
What is the persistent free-floating anxiety that can’t be attributed to an object, situation or activity?
Generalized anxiety disorder
30
What are some symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?
- motor tension
- autonomic over-arousal
- hypervigilance
31
With generalized anxiety disorder, how long can feelings of anxiety and sympathetic arousal be present for?
At least 6 months
32
What are enduring patterns of behaviour that are maladaptive, inflexible and interfere with normal daily functioning?
Personality disorders
33
What is a personality disorder marked by an unwillingness to enter relationships without the assurance of acceptance?
Avoidant
34
What is a personality disorder with a disregard for rights and feelings of others, manipulative, impulsive, selfish, aggressive, irresponsible, reckless, willing to break laws for personal gain?
Antisocial
35
What personality disorder fits 2-3% of Canadiansc including convicted mass murderers?
Antisocial
36
What personality disorder is characterized by instability in mood, behavior, self-image, and social relationships?
Borderline
37
What personality disorder leaves people with difficulty with interpersonal relationships due to their rigid perfectionism and inflexibility?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
38
What are recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control?
Obsessions
39
What are thoughts or behaviours that tend to reduce the anxiety connected with compulsions?
Compulsions
40
What is a disorder that compels individuals to amass large quantities of items and experience anxiety at the prospect of discarding them?
Hoarding disorder
41
What is a somatoform disorder marked by preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated personal physical effect?
Body dysmorphic disorder
42
What disorders arise when people complain of physical problems even though no physical abnormality can be found?
Somatoform disorder
43
What is a somatoform disorder in which anxiety or unconscious conflicts are converted into physical symptoms that often have the effect of helping people cope with anxiety or conflict?
Conversion disorder
44
What disorder may include blindness or paralysis, not intentionally produced or fake?
Conversion disorder
45
What is an effect of conversion disorder that can cause some people to be indifferent to their symptoms?
La belle Indifference
46
What is a somatoform disorder characterized by persistent belief that one is ill despite lack of medical findings?
Hypochondriasis
47
What disorders involve sudden, temporary changes in consciousness or self-identity?
Dissociative disorders
48
What disorder is marked by loss of memory or self-identity that can’t be attributed to a biological problem?
Dissociative disorder
49
What is the loss of memory and self-identity that involves travel to another place?
Dissociative fugue
50
What is the disorder in which the person experiences detachment from his or her self and surroundings?
Depersonalization/derealization
51
What disorders causes an individual’s surroundings to seem foggy, lifeless, colourless and empty?
Derealization
52
What is a disorder in which a person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities that alternately emerge?
Dissociative identity disorder
53
Which disorder was formerly known as multiple personality disorder?
Dissociative identity disorder
54
Which personality disorder causes individuals to seek attention and approval, be overly dramatic and self-centered, shallow and craving excitement?
Histrionic
55
What personality disorder is characterized by efforts to build up self-worth through attention seeking and approval from others?
Narcissistic personality disorder
56
What is characterized by highly suspicious, untrusting, guarded, hypersensitive, easily slighted, lacking in emotion, holding grudges?
Paranoid
57
What is a personality disorder characterized by oddities of thought and behaviour, but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviours?
Schizotypal personality disorder
58
Which personality disorder is similar to schizophrenia?
Schizotypal
59
What is a severe psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and loss of contact with reality?
Schizophrenia
60
What is a false, persistent belief that is unsubstantiated by sensory or objective evidence?
Delusion
61
What is feeling or emotional response, particularly as suggested by facial expression and body language?
Affect
62
When do symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear and how long do they continue?
Adolescence and continue throughout life
63
What are some presentations of schizophrenia?
- cognitions
- verbal comprehension
- sensory perception
- attention
- motor activity
- mood
- social functioning
64
In schizophrenia, what is the difference between positive and negative symptoms?
```
Positive = how THEY experience life
Negative = how WE tend to see it
```
65
What is a type of schizophrenia characterized by extreme stillness or stupor, and periods of agitation and excitement?
Catatonic schizophrenia
66
What is a type of schizophrenia characterized by delusions of grandeur or persecution?
Paranoid schizophrenia
67
What is the most serious type of schizophrenia?
Disorganized schizophrenia
68
What is a catch all category of schizophrenia?
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
69
What do genetics say about parents and schizophrenia?
No evidence to point a finger of blame at either parent for schizophrenia
70
What are possible contributing factors to schizophrenia?
- Maternal diabetes
- father’s advanced age
- prenatal stress, infection and malnutrition
- complications during pregnancy and birth
- birth during winter
71
What do effective drugs in reducing schizophrenic symptoms usually block?
Dopamine
72
Where does most dopamine activity usually occur, affecting human emotion?
Limbic system
73
What is the diathesis stress model?
People with a predisposition toward a disorder may develop it if they are subjected to environmental stress
74
Which gender is schizophrenia more likely to occur in?
Men
75
How does schizophrenia affect the brain?
Reduced frontal lobe activity, volume of brain structures and poor communication between hemispheres
76
How do learning theorists explain schizophrenia?
Conditioning and social setting (bizarre behaviours unwittingly reinforced)
77
What is the sociocultural perspective on schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is more common around lower statused individuals, but low socioeconomic status may be a result rather than a cause
78
What is the biopsychosocial perspective of schizophrenia?
Biological, psychological and sociocultural factors all play a role in the development of schizophrenia
79
What do the biological perspectives of schizophrenia focus on?
Brain abnormalities
80
Where is the highest percentage of individuals with MDD?
Manitoba
81
Where is the lowest percentage of individuals with MDD?
Prince Edward Island
82
What do biological perspectives say about mood disorders?
Certain heritable personality traits are associated with depression
83
What is a personality trait characterized by persistent anxiety?
Neuroticism
84
How are genetic factors responsible for bipolar disorder?
Individuals with depression have underutilized serotonin
85
What do psychological perspectives say about mood disorders?
Individuals with external locus of control, learned helplessness, and cognitive factor perfectionism have higher propensity toward depression
86
What does the biopsychosocial perspective say about mood disorders?
Interactions between biological, situational and psychological factors contribute to the development of mood disorders
87
What are biological and environmental causes correlating with autism?
1) increased age of parents
| 2) complication during pregnancy or delivery
88
What are explanations about ADHD?
Twin studies suggest genetic determinants, imaging studies show smaller frontal lobes and mother’s smoking during pregnancy has been linked
89
How is OCD explained?
It is inherited
90
Imbalances in which hormones are linked to OCD?
Serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline
91
What two dysfunctional neurological circuits are found in OCD?
Frontal cortex and modulatory control
92
What percentage of variation for hoarding is accounted for by genes?
36%
93
What is body dysmorphic disorder related to?
Abnormalities in serotonin, dopamine, and frontal cortex structures and unrealistic standards of beauty and athleticism
94
How do biological factors play into antisocial behaviour?
Less grey matter in prefrontal cortex
95
What do learning theorists say about antisocial behavior?
Certain childhood experiences contribute to their maladaptive ways or relating to others in adulthood
96
What do cognitive psychologists say about antisocial disorder?
Antisocial adolescents miscode social information
97
How do sociocultural factors play into borderline disorder?
Borderline may develop as a result of living in a fragmented society
98
How do biological perspectives explain anxiety?
Genetic factors (anxiety runs in families)
Low levels of glutamate and GABA in anxiety
Faulty serotonin and norepinephrine in panic disorder
99
What is the psychological and social perspectives of anxiety disorders?
Behaviourists consider phobias to be conditioned fears acquired in childhood
Social-cognitive theorists believe that social factors (observational learning) contribute to development of phobias
100
What is the biopsychosocial perspective of anxiety disorders?
Biological imbalances might trigger a panic attack and the psychological experience of fear and the social setting in which panic attack occurs may impact the disorder
101
What perspective best explains somatoform disorders?
Biopsychosocial
102
How are somatoform disorders explained by the biopsychosocial disorders?
People focus on the body instead of what is really troubling them
103
How do learning and cognitive psychologists explain dissociate disorders?
People with these disorders are attempting to keep bad memories out of mind
104
What is the most common reason for suicide?
Escape feelings of depression, hopelessness and helplessness
105
What percentage of Canadians consider suicide in any given year?
3.7%
106
How many Canadians commit suicide every year?
3700
107
What is the second-leading cause of death among Canadian adolescents?
Suicide
108
What is the difference in statistics between men and women in suicide rates?
Men are 3x more likely to end their life this way
109
What are risk factors for suicidal adolescents?
Confusion, impulsiveness, emotional instability, interpersonal problems
110
When are men at the highest risk for suicide?
85 years old
