Chapter 6 - Memory

Question 1

Why is memory far from perfect?

Answer 1

We cross contaminate or even rewrite our own memories

Question 2

What makes eyewitness accounts not necessarily reliable?

Answer 2

Witness maybe suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder or have received some kind of a head injury

Question 3

What’s the difference between passing out or blacking out?

Answer 3

Blacking out because individual not to remember critical details of events. It’s extremely rare, the brain stops writing memories and just shuts off

Question 4

What field of psychology is the study of memory recognized in?

Answer 4

Cognitive psychology

Question 5

What is the process by which information is in coded, stored, and retrieved in the future?

Answer 5

Memory

Question 6

How can the process of memory be compared to how a computer works?

Answer 6

• entering information (via a keyboard) is similar to the encoding a memory
• saving enter information on the keyboard is similar to the storage of memory
• pulling up saved files would be akin to the retrieval process in memory

Question 7

What are the three processes of memory?

Answer 7

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 8

What is the first stage of transforming information into a form that can be stored in short term or long term memory?

Answer 8

Encoding

Question 9

What increases the chances that we will remember something?

Answer 9

Careful Encoding

Question 10

What needs to happen to ensure we are encoding?

Answer 10

We need to focus our attention so that it can be placed into memory

Question 11

What is the second stage of information processing that involves the act of keeping or maintaining information in memory?

Answer 11

Storage

Question 12

In order to store memories what is the change that takes place in the brain, involving the hippocampus?

Answer 12

Consolidation

Question 13

What’s the act of bringing to mind material that has been stored in memory?

Answer 13

Retrieval

Question 14

What must be done effectively in order to retrieve information?

Answer 14

Encoded and stored

Question 15

What is focusing on one piece of information and ignoring others, allowing us to eliminate interference from the other relevant background information?

Answer 15

Selective attention

Question 16

What three categories does the storage of information involve?

Answer 16

1) Maintenance rehearsal
2) elaborative rehearsal
3) metamemory

Question 17

What is a mental repetition of information to store it in memory?

Answer 17

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 18

What is the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known as a way to store it in memory?

Answer 18

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 19

What is self awareness of the ways in which memory functions, allowing the person to encode, store, and retrieve information effectively?

Answer 19

Meta-memory

Question 20

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, what are the three interactive memory systems?

Answer 20

1) Sensory memory
2) short term memory
3) long-term memory

Question 21

What is the memory system that hold information coming through the senses for a period of time?

Answer 21

Sensory memory

Question 22

Which sensory memory lasts the longest?

Answer 22

Olfactory

Question 23

What involves breaking down a memory to better remember it?

Answer 23

Chunking

Question 24

What is encoding a stimulus or group of stimuli is a distinct piece of information, grouping stimuli together?

Answer 24

Chunking

Question 25

What is a strategy to increase the amount of information retained in short term memory?

Answer 25

Chunking

Question 26

What is the process that keeps information in short term memory?

Answer 26

Rehearsal

Question 27

What requires retrieving information from memory without the help of retrieval cues in memory?

Answer 27

Recall

Question 28

What are nonsense syllables presented in tasks that measure recall?

Answer 28

Paired Associates

Question 29

What uses currently presented information to retrieve identical information from memory?

Answer 29

Recognition

Question 30

How do psychologists measure recognition?

Answer 30

Using nonsense syllables

Question 31

What is the tendency to learn information faster the second time it is presented as compared to the first time you learned it, even though you may not recall it or recognize it?

Answer 31

Relearning

Question 32

What is the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn list to relearn the list is calculated

Answer 32

Method of savings

Question 33

What is the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list?

Answer 33

Savings

Question 34

What is the percentage of time or learning trial saved and re-learning material over the amount of time or number of learning trials taken in the original learning?

Answer 34

Relearning saving score

Question 35

What does the relearning saving score say about our memory?

Answer 35

Even things we made on immediately understand, we are somehow capable of and coding, storage and retrieval when necessary

Question 36

What is the stage of memory first and countered by a stimulus?

Answer 36

Sensory memory

Question 37

What is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by stimulus?

Answer 37

Memory trace

Question 38

What’s a mental representation of a visual stimulus referred to as an icon?

Answer 38

Iconic memory

Question 39

What is the ability to retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes, and very rare in most people?

Answer 39

Eidetic imagery

Question 40

What is a mental representation of sound referred to as echoes?

Answer 40

Echoic memory

Question 41

Do memory traces of echoes or icons last longer?

Answer 41

Echoes

Question 42

What is the stage of memory the holes information briefly after the trace of the stimulus decays?

Answer 42

Short term memory

Question 43

What is another more recent an accurate term to describe short term memory?

Answer 43

Working memory

Question 44

How many pieces of information can be held in short term memory one time?

Answer 44

Seven, plus or minus 2

Question 45

What is the third memory system with a capacity for relatively permanent storage that is unlimited?

Answer 45

Long term memory

Question 46

Which stage of memory is reconstruction and can easily be distorted?

Answer 46

Long term memory

Question 47

How does information get into long-term memory?

Answer 47

Rehearsal

Question 48

What are the two sub systems of long-term memory?

Answer 48

Declarative and non-declarative memory

Question 49

What is the subsystem of within long-term memory the store specific information and facts or general knowledge about her personal life experience?

Answer 49

Declarative memory

Question 50

Which subsystem of long-term memory is also known as explicit memory?

Answer 50

Declarative memory

Question 51

What is memory that you suggested but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly?

Answer 51

Implicit memory

Question 52

What is the activation of specific associations in our memory?

Answer 52

Priming

Question 53

What is a part of declarative memory the stores the memory of the events of your life?

Answer 53

Episodic memory

Question 54

What is the part of declarative memory that stores general knowledge and information or objective facts we know about?

Answer 54

Semantic memory

Question 55

What is the subsystem within long-term memory that consists of skills required to repetitive practice, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses?

Answer 55

Non-declarative memory

Question 56

Which subsystem of long-term memory is also known as implicit memory?

Answer 56

Non-declarative memory

Question 57

What is the tendency to recall the first and last items in a series more accurately than items in the middle?

Answer 57

Serial-position effect

Question 58

What is recalling first items or stimuli?

Answer 58

Primacy effect

Question 59

What is recalling last items or stimuli?

Answer 59

Recency effect

Question 60

Why is information at the beginning of a sequence more likely to be recalled, known as primacy effect?

Answer 60

It has already been placed in the long term memory

Question 61

Why does information at the end of the sequence have a higher probability of being recalled, known as recency effect?

Answer 61

It is still in short term memory

Question 62

What does State-Dependent memories say about the retrieval of information?

Answer 62

Retrieval of information is easier when a person is in the same biological or emotional context or state is one originally acquiring the memory

Question 63

The prevention of _________ can interfere with short term memory

Answer 63

Rehearsal

Question 64

What is a theory of forgetting that holds that the memory trace, if not used, disappears with the passage of time?

Answer 64

Decay theory

Question 65

What is the cause of memory loss that occurs when information or associations store to either before or after a given memory hinder our ability to remember it?

Answer 65

Interference

Question 66

What are the two subtypes of interference?

Answer 66

1) Proactive interference - before 2) retroactive interference - after

Question 67

What is a way of mentally representing the world (belief or expectation) that can influence our perceptions of persons, objects and situations?

Answer 67

Schema

Question 68

What is the single memory system model in which retention depends on how deeply information is processed?

Answer 68

Level of processing model

Question 69

What did Lockhart and Craik suggest about remembering things for a moment versus a lifetime?

Answer 69

Depends on how deeply we process the information

Question 70

What are seven reasons for memory failure?

Answer 70

1) Encoding failure 2) consolidation failure 3) decay Theory 4) interference Theory 5) motivated forgetting 6) retrieval theory 7) prospective forgetting

Question 71

What is forgetting resulting from material never have been put in to long-term memory?

Answer 71

Encoding Failure

Question 72

What is any disruption in the consolidation process that prevents a permanent memory from forming?

Answer 72

Consolidation Failure

Question 73

What is a theory of forgetting that holds the memory trace, if not used, disappears with the passage of time?

Answer 73

Decay theory

Question 74

What is the cause of memory loss of the current information or association store either before or after given memory hinder our ability to remember it?

Answer 74

Interference

Question 75

What occurs when information or experiences already stored in long-term memory hinder our ability to remember newer information?

Answer 75

Proactive interference

Question 76

What occurs my new learning or experience interferes with our ability to remember information previously stored?

Answer 76

Retroactive interference

Question 77

What happens when one’s ability to remember or to perform an act in the future is interfered with at a certain time or when a certain event occurs

Answer 77

Prospective interference

Question 78

What is memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences?

Answer 78

Retrospective interference

Question 79

What includes for getting through either repression or through dissociative amnesia (suppression) in order to protect oneself from material that is too painful, anxiety or guilt producing, or otherwise unpleasant?

Answer 79

Motivated forgetting

Question 80

What is automatic injection of disturbing, guilt provoking, or otherwise unpleasant memories from unconsciousness so they are no longer aware that a painful event ever occurred?

Answer 80

Repression

Question 81

What is a partial or complete dissociative amnesia thought to stem from a brain trauma or a psychological trauma?

Answer 81

Dissociative amnesia

Question 82

What does retrieval of information from long-term memory involve?

Answer 82

Reconstruction

Question 83

What is memory reconstruction influenced by?

Answer 83

Logic, reasoning, and the addition of new information

Question 84

What can memory reconstruction cause?

Answer 84

Distortions such as schema distortion

Question 85

What is a memory that is not exactly a replica of an event but has been pieced together from a few highlights, with information that may or may not be accurate?

Answer 85

Reconstruction

Question 86

When studying memory, which psychologist concluded that people systematically distort and confuse the facts of circumstances and experiences?

Answer 86

Bartlett

Question 87

What is the reconstruction of information based on, called confabulation?

Answer 87

1) Recalled key elements 2) information inferred from one thing to another 3) other existing knowledge 4) retrieval cues 5) biases, presumptions, assumptions 6) source amnesia/source missattribution

Question 88

What is likely to occur when an event is imagined?

Answer 88

Errors in confabulation

Question 89

Why are eyewitness testimonies often unreliable?

Answer 89

errors in confabulation, misinformation, cross-contamination and peripheral details and stress

Question 90

Why does recovering repressed memories have a lot of controversy in the psychological community?

Answer 90

It isn’t clear if they are real memories or not, they may be nothing more than false memories

Question 91

What’s the tendency to remember events with extreme vivid detail that is distinctive and emotionally strong?

Answer 91

Flashbulb memory

Question 92

What is the feeling of knowing that certain information is in memory but not being able to retrieve it?

Answer 92

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Question 93

What is the loss of memory as a result of brain injury, such as damage to the hippocampus?

Answer 93

Amnesia

Question 94

What might you have when you’re unable to remember events that occur after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma?

Answer 94

Anterograde amnesia

Question 95

What might you have when you’re unable to remember events that occur before the physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma?

Answer 95

Retrograde amnesia

Question 96

What is a way that people remember material better and longer?

Answer 96

Over learning it

Question 97

Which studying has been found more effective? 1) over several different sessions (spaced practice) 2) cramming (massed practice)

Answer 97

Spaced practice