Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Intro to Psychology > Chapter 9 - Motivation & Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Motivation & Emotion Flashcards

(105 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is emotion?

A

Automatic neurological, physiological and behavioural response pattern to the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the conscious awareness of an emotional state?

A

Feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are interpretations of the meanings of events?

A

Cognitions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the six basic emotions?

A

1) Fear
2) disgust
3) joy
4) anger
5) surprise
6) sadness/distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which Psychologist said that universal facial expressions of emotions would have survival value?

A

Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which psychologist found the anger, disgust, fear, enjoyment, sadness, and surprise or recognized across cultures?

A

Paul Ekman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are culturally learned and enforced influences on the appropriateness and intensity of public and private emotional displays?

A

Display rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Our facial expressions Universal or display rules?

A

Universal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is experiencing emotions that match another person’s emotions?

A

Empathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are neurons that copy the activity of witness behaviours an emotional states?

A

Mirror neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction?

A

Positive psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is influenced by relative stability in the pleasure and wanting systems of the brain?

A

Happiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the desire to strive for success and accomplishment?

A

Achievement motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which psychologist use the somatic apperception test developed by Henry Murray to assess a degree of low achievement motivation?

A

David McLelland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did David McClellan find when he did the TAT test?

A

People with high achievement motivation seem to prefer challenges and are willing to take moderate risk to achieve goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Argues that facial expressions can also affect our emotional state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the link between facial feedback and emotion?

A

The contraction of facial muscles cause arousal and arousal boosts emotional response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Theory on emotion proposed by William James and Carl G. Lange?

A

External stimuli instinctively trigger specific patterns of arousal and behavioural responses (emotions are byproducts of the behavioural responses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why has the James-Lange theory been criticized?

A

Physiological responses for emotions are not that distinct from one another (e.g. fear and anger similar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?

A

Events are first processed by the brain. Body patterns of arousal, action, and our emotional response are then triggered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the theory of cognitive appraisal?

A

Emotions reflect arousal and appraisal of the situation and our experience because of our physiological reactions and cognitive processes. The way we label our emotions depends on our appraisal of the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who proposed the theory of cognitive appraisal?

A

Schachter & Singer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a type of technology that monitors indicators of sympathetic arousal during an interrogation?

A

Polygraph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is the polygraph considered unreliable?

A

Maybe detecting general tension, not lying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the sex drive triggered by?
- Sexual thoughts and feelings - Cultural beliefs - Religious and moral beliefs - Cultural tradition, folklore, and superstition - Sex hormones
26
What was the final evaluation of the “why” behind emotion?
Cognitive, physiological, and behavioural component of an experience contribute to our emotional response. None of the theories of emotional apply to all people in all situations
27
What is the arousal producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior?
Activating effect
28
When are many female animals sexually receptive to males?
During estrus
29
What is the sexual response cycle proposed by William Masters and Virginia Johnson?
1) Excitement 2) plateau 3) orgasm 4) resolution For men, the cycle is usually followed by refractory period in which they cannot experience another orgasm or ejaculate
30
What is the first phase of the sexual response cycle? (characterized by muscle tension increases in heart rate and direction in the male and vaginal lubrication a female)
Excitement phase
31
What causes the swelling of genital and nipple tissue?
Vasocongestion
32
What is the second phase of the sexual response cycle? (characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure in preparation for orgasm)
Plateau phase
33
What phase of the sexual response cycle do you reach the climax of sexual excitement and experience myotonia, a muscle tension?
Orgasmic phase
34
What is the fourth phase of the sexual response cycle, during which the body gradually returns to his pre-arousal state?
Resolutions phase
35
What were the findings in the Kinsey reports, surveys done on sexual behavior?
Most males masturbated and had sex prior to marriage as did a significant number of females
36
Why are the Kinsey reports (surveys on sexual behaviour) considered flawed?
Sample was not representative of the American population
37
What refers to the directionality of one’s sexual and romantic interest?
Sexual orientation
38
What is the term for being sexually attracted to and romantically interested in people of the opposite sex?
Heterosexual
39
What is the term for being sexually attracted to and romantically interested in people of one’s own sex?
Homosexual
40
What is the term for being attracted to both males and females?
Bisexual
41
What is theories of the origin of sexual orientation point to?
Both nature and nurture
42
What hormone may regulate sexual motivation?
Testosterone
43
What is the initiation of motivated behavior?
Activation
44
What is the faithful and continued effort in motivation?
Persistence
45
What is the focus and energy and attention concerning motivation?
Intensity
46
What is motivation without external rewards, purely for the joy of doing things?
Intrinsic motivation
47
What is motivation that comes when you’re motivated by the consequence?
Extrinsic motivation
48
What does the psychology of motivation focus on?
The “whys” of behaviour
49
What are hypothetical internal states the propel an organism toward goals?
Motives
50
What do motives take the form of?
Needs, drives, incentives
51
What is known as a state of deprivation?
A need
52
What are physiological needs?
Needs that must be met in order for us to survive such as food, water, sleep, oxygen
53
What are psychological needs?
Needs associated with psychological well-being such as achievement, power, self-esteem, belonging
54
What is an object, a person, or a situation that can satisfy a need?
Incentive
55
What is an inherited disposition to activate specific behaviour patterns designed to reach certain goals?
Instinct
56
What is the evolutionary perspective of motivation?
Inborn dispositions activate certain goal-achieved behaviour patterns and are species-specific
57
What does the evolutionary theory of motivation suggest about human instincts?
Foster survival and social behaviour
58
What are the types of motivation in the evolutionary perspective?
1) Self-protection: acts that keep one safe 2) Mating: behaviours that make one attractive to potential mates 3) relationship maintenance and parental care: displaying affection toward partner and caring for offspring 4) group membership: helping those in your group 5) memetic motivation: enhancing large social structures like religion
59
What are drive such as thirst, hunger, pain the trigger tension?
Primary drives
60
What is the theory that proposes that organisms learn to engage in behaviours that have the effect of reducing drives?
Drive-reduction theory
61
What stems from unlearned motives to satisfy biological needs?
Primary drive
62
What are external cues?
Site or smell of food we like
63
What is a condition of arousal the propels organisms to satisfy need?
Drive
64
What are arousal states generated by physical need?
Physiological drives
65
What are arousal states generated by psychological needs?
Psychological drives
66
What is a person’s state of alertness, mental and physical activation?
Arousal
67
What is the arousal theory Of motivation?
People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal
68
What is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state?
Homeostasis
69
What are gained through experiences, such as the drive for money or social approval?
Acquired drives
70
What are motives sought by organisms to increase stimulation?
Stimulus motives
71
Who suggested that arousal and performance are linked?
Yerkes & Dodson
72
What does the Yerkes-Dodson law suggest about arousal level being appropriate to the difficulty of the task?
Performance on a task is best
73
Which tasks are performed best with high arousal level?
Simple
74
Which tasks are performed best with a low arousal level?
Difficult
75
What psychologist said that humans are motivated by conscious desire for personal growth?
Abraham Maslow
76
What does the humanistic theory suggest about about motivation?
Humans have a capacity for self actualization
77
What is a state of being that includes perceptive clarity, simplicity, peacefulness, sense of mission, sensitivity, being comfortable alone, healthy sense of humor, profound emotional experience?
Self-actualization
78
What did Maslow propose in his humanistic theory of motivation?
Lower level needs must be met in order to have the drive to meet higher level needs (hierarchy of needs)
79
What are the levels of hierarchy of needs?
1) Physiological needs 2) safety needs 3) love and belongingness 4) esteem needs 5) self actualization
80
In evaluating theories of motivation what have researchers found?
Same behaviour can be explained using different theories
81
What is satiety?
State of being satisfied
82
What is satiety signaled by?
Chewing and swallowing, stomach fullness, blood sugar levels, leptin levels
83
What is hunger signaled by?
Hunger pangs, blood sugar levels, increased levels of the hormone ghrelin
84
What is the central area on the underside of the hypothalamus called?
Ventromedial nucleus
85
What functions as a stop eating center?
Ventromedial nucleus
86
What is an area at the side of the hypothalamus?
Lateral hypothalamus
87
What area of the hypothalamus functions as a start eating center?
Lateral hypothalamus
88
What is the hormone that reduces appetite?
Leptin
89
What is the pace at which the body burns calories to produce energy?
Metabolic rate
90
What is the number of adipose cells?
Fat cells
91
What is the weight of the body maintains when not trying to gain or lose weight?
Set point
92
What are biological factors involved in obesity?
Heredity and metabolism
93
What are psychological factors involved in obesity?
Observational learning, stress, media, negative emotions
94
What are characterized by persistent, gross disturbances in eating patterns?
Eating disorders
95
What is the term for binge eating and purging?
Bulimia
96
Which eating disorder may cause an electrolyte imbalance?
Bulimia
97
What are the biological factors concerning the origin of eating disorders?
Genetics, neurological differences
98
What are psychological factors that may cause an eating disorder?
Child abuse
99
What are Socio cultural factors affecting eating disorders?
Idealization of thin females
100
Which eating disorder is characterized by repeated cycles of binge eating and purging?
Bulimia nervosa
101
Which eating disorder consists of self starvation?
Anorexia nervosa
102
Which eating disorder may cause heart problems?
Anorexia nervosa
103
Which is a life-threatening eating disorder characterized by an extreme fear of being too heavy, a distorted body image, and dramatic weight loss?
Anorexia nervosa
104
When do most women experience eating disorders?
During adolescence and young adult hood
105
What are problems that women with anorexia nervosa face?
Prevents ovulation, leads to general health deterioration and high risk of premature osteoporosis

Intro to Psychology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions