Chapter 12 - Substance Use Flashcards
(19 cards)
distinguish between use, intoxication, and disorder
Use: Practice of ingesting psychoactive substances that doesn’t have to interfere with any kind of functioning). (e.g. morning coffee)
Intoxication: Physiological reaction related to substances (e.g. impaired judgement/motor ability/mood changes).
Disorder: Extent to which any substance interferes with the users life.
distinguish between physiological dependence and withdrawal
Physiological dependence: Tolerance from using substance more and more to get same effect.
Withdrawal: Experience negative physical response from not having it in the body.
what are the types of psychoactive drugs
Types:
Depressants: Lower CNS activity.
Stimulants: Heightens CNS activity.
Opioids: Analgesic that reduce pain and can bring on euphoria.
Hallucinogens: Alter sensory experiences.
what occurs in teh body when ingesting vs. digesting alcohol. what NT is acting when we blackout, mood changes, and when we experiences hangover anxiety
Alcohol: Decreases CNS activity that relaxes us
- Feels like a stimulant (acting on dopamine) when ingesting it but while our bodies digest it, it functions as a depressant (acting on GABA).
o Glutamate = blackout
o Serotonin = mood, diet, sleep (less of a REM cycle)
- Hangover anxiety: serotonin and GABA
what are withdrawal symptoms for alcohol? is there any correlation between chronic acohol use and dimensia
o Most dangerous withdrawal process (can die)
o Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, hand tremors, hallucinations, delirium tremens (body tremors and hallucinations)
o Correlated with developing dementia from neurotoxicity of the chronic alcohol use
what is a possible long term disease that can develop from chronic alcohol abuse?
o Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Result of chronic alcohol abuse caused by thiamin deficiency (thiamin is poorly metabolized when intoxicated) loss of muscle coordination and ability to deliver speech.
what are barbituates and benzodiazepines (small and large doses)? what is synergistic effect
Barbiturates: Primarily used as sleep aids and are really addictive and abused in the 90’s
Benzodiazepines: Treatment in anxiety based disorders.
- Small doses: Feelings od euphoria and well being
- Large doses: Can overdose and death occurs by suffocation because diaphragm muscles relax so much we become unable to breathe
- Work on GABA NT system and alcohol does too
o Synergistic Effects: Different substances that work on the same systems which can exacerbate effects. (6 beers feel like 12)
what are amphetamines. what occurs if you take cocaine in small doses and long term
Stimulants: Most common of all psychoactive drugs.
Amphetamines: Take it and feel great but crash after. Reduced appetite.
- Initially treated for narcolepsy and sometimes with ADHD.
- Ecstasy
o If its mixed with other things can be dangerous.
- Stimulate CNS to enhance dopamine and norepinephrine.
- Cocaine:
o Small doses – Increase blood pressure, HR, increase stimulation ~1 hour which can increase substance dependence.
o Long term – Feelings of paranoia, usually with high stress.
what are opioids? are they addictive? what are the symptoms from this drug? what are the withdrawal?
Opioids: Narcotic effect (reduce pain and induce sleep).
Overdose: Slows respiration
Addiction: From feelings euphoria and dependency develops
- 12% of Canadians used them
- Withdrawal symptoms really suck (body chills, extreme muscle aches, insomnia, diarrhea, takes a week to detox).
- Mortality rate with opioid rate is between 6 and 20 times higher than the general population.
what are hallucinogens? what is specfial about hallucinogens? where si it used clincially and to do what?
Hallucinogens:
LSD: Synthetically produced by labs. Used in therapy based on spirituality that if we are enlighten enough e can become sober.
- People with severe alcohol abuse use and 50% stopped
Psilocybin, DMT, PCP
- Increase heart rate, euphoria, hallucinations
- Rather safe substances, tolerance develops quickly but also returns baseline quickly and rarely any withdrawal symptoms.
Associated with spirituality, enlightenment, greater contact with ourselves, open space for us to feel and think differently
what is special about cannabis? what is cannabis tolerance? what is the difference between smoking or eating edibes
- Produces different reactions for other people (anxiety reducing or provoking, paranoia) impacts memory, concentration, motivation.
- Cannabis Tolerance: with heavy cannabis users, they report tolerance of inability to experience effects they had previous in their journey and there are regular cannabis users experience more pleasure after repeated use
- Controversial Medicinal Use: Nothing should be treated as a one thing fixes everything.
- Smoking vs. Edibles: Smoking -> Delta 9-THC (quicker). Edibles -> THC -> Delta 9-THC + 11-OH-THC
what are some genetic views of causes of substance disorder?
Genetic: Growing evidence to suggest that certain people are vulnerable to drug abuse. Evidence regarding chromosomes 1,2, 4, 7, 11 that protect against alcoholism.
what are some neurobiological nad psychological views on teh causes for sibstance use disorder? what did Siegal 1982 find?
- Increase dopamine from chronic users than new users. Become more sensitive to dopamine release.
- Administering amphetamines increase dopamine release at later testing time. Appears that for amphetamines, our brains like to send off more dopamine over time.
- Negative reinforcement from escaping pain, stress, anxiety, and it’s a straightforward relationship (take pill feel better).
- Expectancy effect: tendency to act in a way that we expect drugs will make us act.
- Siegel 1982: Conditioning and addiction and overdose. If we pair substance use and stimulus. The stimulus becomes conditioned that the signal of drug effect is coming.
what are two ways drug use is seen as
Moral Weakness: Lack of control of moral resistance or character to resist drug (psychological)
Disease Model: Caused by underlying physiological cause (biological) (this is who you are)
For treatment, what are agonist substitution, antagonist, and aversive treatment?
Agonist substitution drugs: Provides person with safer drug that has similar chemical makeup.
- Nicotine pouches
Antagonist drugs: Drugs thata block or counteract the effect of a particular psychoactive drug
- Naloxone for overdoses.
Aversive treatment: Administer a drug to a person that makes the ingestion of their usual drug, a really aversive experience.
- Antabuse: Any time you consume alcohol you have awful experience.
what is the difference beween inpatient and outpatient treatment when considering treatment efficacy?
Inpatient Facilities: Institute a person to help/support people during initial withdraw period and therapies. (very expensive)
Outpatient Facilities: Just as effective as inpatient facilities and cost 90% less
what is AA, what model does it take? what does it mean treatment matching? what is the harm reduction approach?
AA: Based on a 12 step program.
- Assumes incurable disease of alcohol abuse
Treatment Matching: Important to match the treatment to what a person is looking for.
Harm Reduction Approach: In contrast with “just say no to drugs”. Recognizes substance use will occur in cultures and instead of funding systems to criminalize drug use we should fund ways we can understand the relationship between user and substance?
- Safe injection sights: Effective. Increase in detox and addiction treatment. Reduction in public drug injection. Reduction in injection related litter. Reduction in theft.
what is gambling use disorder and what are the biologicla similarities betwene it and other SA disorder. is it hard to treat
Gambling Disorder: Condition in which individuals are unable to resist the urge to gamble.
- Biological similarities with gambling and substance use disorders but different brain activity.
o Decrease activity in impulse regulation, PFC,
Hard to treat because they wont admit they have a problem and develop an optimism
what are the 3 kind sof impulse control disorders
Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Experience of individuals acting on aggressive impulses that results in violence towards others and destructive property.
Kleptomania: Compulsive stealing that aren’t for monetary value or personal use.
Pyromania: Irresistible urge to set fires. Feel better after. No real external gain.
