Chapter 12 Vocabulary

Question 1

Jacob Burckhardt

Answer 1

Swiss historian who studied art and culture, crediting Italians with birth of the Renaissance. Wrote The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

Question 2

Hanseatic League

Answer 2

Commercial and defensive alliance along coast of northern Europe, to protect economic privileges of coastal cities and states visited by merchants

Question 3

House of Medici

Answer 3

Prominent banking family from the Republic of Florence, founded most successful European bank of the 15th century

Question 4

Second Estate

Answer 4

A division of middle age society that included nobility like earls, counts, barons, dukes, and kings

Question 5

Baldassare Castiglione

Answer 5

Italian writer who wrote The Book of the Courtier, Renaissance authority on courtly etiquette.

Question 6

The Book of the Courtier

Answer 6

A popular handbook among aristocrats in Italy for many centuries, describing the attributes of the perfect courtier

Question 7

Third Estate

Answer 7

A division of middle age society that included peasants, poor people, and slaves

Question 8

Renaissance slavery

Answer 8

The purchase, ownership, or other trafficking of humans as property during the Renaissance

Question 9

dowry

Answer 9

Payment or property that is brought to a marriage by the bride’s family to give to the groom’s

Question 10

Francisco Sforza

Answer 10

Conquered Milan after the death of the last Visconti, established himself as duke of the city

Question 11

Cosimo de’Medici

Answer 11

The first of the Medici political dynasty, he took control of the Republic of Florence and made it his oligarchy

Question 12

Milan

Answer 12

a duchy located in what is now northwestern Italy, conquered by Francisco Sforza

Question 13

Venice

Answer 13

a “republic” located in what is now northeastern Italy, began to conquer more land to expand its food and trade

Question 14

Florence

Answer 14

an oligarchic “republic” located in what is now western Italy, conquered by Cosimo De’Medici

Question 15

Papal States

Answer 15

a theocratic state controlled by the pope, located in what is now central Italy

Question 16

Naples

Answer 16

a kingdom located in what is now southern Italy. Known for its weakness; France and Aragon fought to dominate it

Question 17

Urbino

Answer 17

once a city-state in central Italy, became a center of culture and intellect

Question 18

L’umo universale

Answer 18

a social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person

Question 19

Federigo da Montefeltro

Answer 19

Ruler of Urbino, known as a great patron of Renaissance culture

Question 20

Battista Sforza

Answer 20

Wife of Federigo da Montefeltro, she governed Urbino in her husband’s absence

Question 21

Isabella d’Este

Answer 21

known as “the first lady of the world,” she was widely known for her wisdom, intellect, and clever negotiations

Question 22

balance of power

Answer 22

concept designed to prevent the enlargement of one state at the expense of others

Question 23

Ludovico Sforza

Answer 23

Milanese duke who invited French to intervene in Italian politics, allowing the French bring an army and occupy Naples

Question 24

Charles VII

Answer 24

King of France who brought army and occupied Naples,Established the French royal army.

Question 25

Niccolo Machiavelli

Answer 25

Florentine diplomat and Republican, sent into exile after Medici family returned to power, wrote The Prince

Question 26

The Prince

Answer 26

book written by Niccolo Machiavelli, giving concrete expression to Renaissance political power

Question 27

humanism

Answer 27

literary and linguistic movement in an attempt to revive classical Latin

Question 28

Marcilio Ficino

Answer 28

Known for translating Plato and the exposition of Neoplatonism, founder of Florence’s Platonic Academy.

Question 29

hermeticism

Answer 29

set of beliefs stressing astrology, alchemy, and magic as well as theological and philosophical speculations

Question 30

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 30

First European to use printing with movable metal type

Question 31

Donatello

Answer 31

Italian sculptor, created life-size statue David, shown with the head of Goliath at his feet

Question 32

Raphael

Answer 32

Italian painter and architect, known for his work School of Athens

Question 33

Michelangelo

Answer 33

Italian painter, sculptor, and architect, known for painting the Sistine Chapel and creating the Statue of David, called Il Divino

Question 34

Ottoman Turks

Answer 34

Advanced rapidly on Eastern Europe, capturing land and ending the Byzantine Empire, beginning their own empire. Eventually faced off against HRE

Question 35

Masaccio

Answer 35

Artist whose frescoes in Florence is considered to be the first great masterpiece of Early Renaissance art, establishing a style that endured.

Question 36

John Wyclif

Answer 36

Oxford theologian who was the first reformer to condemn Church corruption and call for popes to be striped of authority and power.

Question 37

Nepotism

Answer 37

Derived from the Greek word for nephew, the word was coined to describe the awarding of offices, particularly Church commissions, to relatives

Question 38

Julius II

Answer 38

Pope who led his army into battle and whose artistic patronage included raising money to build the new Saint Peter’s in Rome.

Question 39

Leonardo Bruni

Answer 39

Advocate of Ciceronian civil humanism

Question 40

Henry VII

Answer 40

Established the Court of the Star Chamber

Question 41

Leo X

Answer 41

Medici pope who commissioned Raphael to paint frescoes in the Vatican.

Question 42

Entrepreneurs

Answer 42

Rulers that transferred their titles to underground minerals and financiers as collateral for loans.

Question 43

Humanism

Answer 43

An intellectual movement based on the study of the classical literary works of Greece and Rome

Question 44

Neo-Platonism

Answer 44

The translation of Plato and the exposition of the Platonic | philosophy.

Question 45

Pantheism

Answer 45

Seeing divinity embodied in all aspects of nature and in the heavenly bodies as well as in earthly objects.