Chapters 28-30 Study Guide Flashcards by Allexa Ortiz

World War II not only devastated the countries, cities, peoples, and cultures of Europe, but also destroyed

a. American commitment to globalism in foreign policy.
b. European supremacy in world affairs.
c. any commitment of old and new nations around the globe to supranational bodies of diplomacy and conflict resolution.
d. the capacity of western European nations to forge lasting economic and cultural ties in the post-war world.
e. the trans-Atlantic partnership.

b.European supremacy in world affairs.

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At the close of World War II, who inherited the European tradition of power politics?

US and the Soviet Union

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The first area of conflict in the unfolding of the Cold War was

East Asia

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A key factor contributing to the development of the Cold War in Eastern Europe was

Stalin’s desire to establish pro-Soviet governments in the countries of Eastern Europe to serve as a buffer zone against possible western attacks on the Soviet Union.

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The Truman Doctrine was a consequence of a civil war in

Greece

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The Truman Doctrine did all of the following except

a. condemn the victory of the Communists in the Chinese civil war.
b. call for $400 million in aid for nations threatened by aggression
c. assist in the defense of Greece and Turkey.
d. express America’s fear of Communist expansion in Europe.
e. announce the United States’ intention to support “free peoples” throughout the world.

a.condemn the victory of the Communists in the Chinese civil war.

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In June 1947, the United States initiated the European Recovery Program, better known as

The Marshall Plan

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Truman and his Western European allies responded to Stalin’s blockade of Berlin in 1948 by

airlifting supplies into Berlin.

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NATO is

a. a trade agreement.
b. a fabrication designed by the Central Intelligence Agency to mislead the Soviets.
c. an emergency relief agency.
d. a military alliance.
e. an international banking system.

d.a military alliance.

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The Communist military response to the formation of NATO was the

a. Moscow Alliance.
b. Warsaw Pact.
c. Eastern European Community.
d. Stalin Plan.
e. European Economic Community.

b. Warsaw Pact

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An overall effect of the Korean W on the Cold War was

a. the Soviet Union’s domination over all of Southeast Asia.
b. the end of American and Soviet involvement in Asian political affairs.
c. the reinforcement of the American determination to “contain” Soviet power.
d. a decrease in American defense spending since the capacity of the West to win the conflict outright on the battlefield demonstrated the superiority of modern weapons systems and no need to develop new war machines.
e. the continued willingness to use limited nuclear weapons in local wars.

c.the reinforcement of the American determination to “contain” Soviet power.

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The Warsaw Pact included all of the following nations except

a. Poland.
b. Bulgaria.
c. Yugoslavia.
d. Hungary.
e. Czechoslovakia.

c.Yugoslavia

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The policy created in 1947 and used by the Americans against Communism was called

containment

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The event that immediately preceded and sparked the Cuban Missile Crisis was

The Bay of Pigs

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The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 concluded with

a. improved communications between the US and the Soviet Union to prevent nuclear war.
b. the installation of Soviet missiles in Cuba.
c. the United States overthrowing Cuba’s Soviet-supported government.
d. John Kennedy backing down to the threats of Nikita Khrushchev.
e. Fidel Castro giving up his military authority in the Cuban government, although he retained political control.

a.improved communications between the US and the Soviet Union to prevent nuclear war.

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The origins of the Vietnam War, in part, lie in the process of decolonization because

the division of Vietnam into antagonistic northern and southern states occurred after Vietnamese military forces had defeated the French, former governors of the region.

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African independence parties were usually led by

Western educated intellectuals

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In 1949, Chiang Kai-shek transferred the Chinese Nationalist government from the mainland to

Taiwan

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The Middle Eastern political leader who promoted Pan-Arabism and who advocated a sharing of Middle Eastern oil wealth equally among the Arab states was

Gamal Abdul Nasser.

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The one issue on which the Arab states were united was

Palestine

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The Indonesian president who was suspicious of the West, sought economic aid from China and the Soviet Union, and relied at home on a native communist party was

Sukarno

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“An orgy of blood” refers to

the separation of Pakistan from India

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The Great Leap Forward was

Mao Zedong’s effort to achieve a classless society and the final stage of communism

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The economic policies of Stalin

emphasized the development of heavy industry and the production of modern weapons and space vehicles

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At the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party in 1956, Khrushchev

condemned Stalin

An example of the relaxation of repressive Stalinism during Khrushchev's regime was the publication of

Solzhenitsyn's A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

Yugoslavia from World War II through the 1960 was characterized by

the leadership of Tito, who asserted Yugoslavia's independence from the Soviet Union.

In 1956 in Poland, Wladyslaw Gomulka

declared his nation's right to follow its own socialist path.

Due to its strong democratic traditions, the last Eastern European country to fall under Soviet, one-party domination after World War II was

Czechoslovakia

Charles de Gaulle withdrew from politics in 1946 because

he believed the Fourth Republic had become weak.

As president of France, Charles de Gaulle's position in the Cold War was to

make France the "third" nuclear power and pursue a largely independent political course.

The first chancellor and "founding hero" of the West German Federal Republic was

Konrad Adenauer

One country that was not an original member of the European Coal and Steel Community was

England

Which of the following statement concerning postwar Great Britain is false? a. The National Insurance Act and National Health Service Act made Britain a welfare state in the 1940s. b. Britain suffered from losing its pre-war colonial revenues. c. By the Suez Canal debacle, Britain was no longer a superpower. d. The British economy lagged behind that of several other Western European nations. e. The Conservative party in the 1950s and 1960s revoked nearly all of the welfare legislation passed by the Labour party in the 1940s.

e.The Conservative party in the 1950s and 1960s revoked nearly all of the welfare legislation passed by the Labour party in the 1940s.

Post-war Italian politics was characterized by

the hegemony of the Christian Democrats with backing from the Catholic Church.

The Common Market was a. primarily a military alliance of certain European countries. b. a forum of European nations founded to solve social problems. c. founded for economic reasons, including to promote free trade among member nations. d. established for cultural reasons to combat American materialism. e. founded with the intent to include all the nations of Europe, including the Soviet Union, as well as the United States, in the organization.

c.founded for economic reasons, including to promote free trade among member nations.

Which one of the following does not characterize life in the United States during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower? a. Real wages grew. b. The New Deal programs continued. c. The "Red Scare" intensified. d. The Civil Rights Movement had successes. e. The United States withdrew into isolationism.

e.The United States withdrew into isolationism.

The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s included all of the following except a. race riots in the Los Angeles district of Watts. b. the Supreme Court upheld racial segregation in public schools in 1954. c. the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 d. saw the Supreme Court approve the concept of "separate but equal" in public schools. e. the civil rights leadership of Martin Luther King.

d.saw the Supreme Court approve the concept of "separate but equal" in public schools.

In the postwar world, Canada

experienced many of the same developments as the United States

The social structure of the postwar European society has been greatly affected by a dramatic increase in the number of

white-collar management and administrative personnel.

All of the following statements regarding women in the post-war era are correct except a. many more married women joined the work force than before. b. working women received equal pay with men by the 1960s. c. working-class women continued to receive less pay than men. d. the post-war "baby boom" declined in the 1960s, in part due to "the pill." e. much of the theoretical foundation for the women's liberation movement was found in the work of Simone de Beauvoir.

b.working women received equal pay with men by the 1960s.

In her path-breaking text, The Second Sex, the influential French feminist author Simone de Beauvoir argued that a. women should renounce all contact with men and set up their own self-governing communes. b. women were always and wrongly defined by their differences from men and consequently seen as second-class beings. c. the Second World War had legitimated the political advantages and hegemonic power of males. d. a "sexual revolution" was impossible and discouraged women outside of France from taking up her ideas. e. that there was absolutely no hope in improving the status of women in the near future.

women were always and wrongly defined by their differences from men and consequently seen as second-class beings.

The post-World War II art world has been mostly dominated by

New York City

The American artist Jackson Pollock was most noted for

Abstract Expressionist Paintings

The philosophical doctrine of existentialism, with its emphasis on God as a fiction, no preordained human destiny, and the human creation of all values

was best expressed in the works of the French writers Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre

The philosophical doctrine of existentialism stressed

the need for people to create their own values and give their lives meaning

The horrors of two world wars, the Cold War, and attendant socio-cultural upheavals have also stimulated a late twentieth-century religious revival exemplified in the works of Karl Barth, who has argued

that the sinful and imperfect nature of humans means that they can know religious truth not through reason but only through the grace of God.

American motion pictures in the post-war years have

been the primary vehicle for the diffusion of American popular culture throughout the world.

Television did not become readily available until

the 1940s

What might be called the zenith of European economic growth was from

1945 to 1965.

The nation that initially took the lead in the sexual revolution of the 1960s was

Sweden

The "permissive society" is characterized by all of the following except a. sexual freedom. b. experimentation with drugs. c. decriminalization of homosexuality. d. increasing rates of divorce. e. declining rates of divorce.

e. declining rates of divorce

In the 1960s, college and university students complained and demonstrated against all of the following except: a. declining enrollments. b. lack of a relevant educational experience. c. crowded classrooms. d. authoritarian administrators. e. uncaring professors and instructors.

a.declining enrollments.

The song, "The Times They Are A-Changin'," was written by

Bob Dylan

The influential philosopher who believed that a small group of students could liberate the masses from their control of the capitalist ruling class was

Herbert Marcuse

The author of The Feminine Mystique and who was a founder of the National Organization of Women was

Betty Friedan

Under the Brezhnev Doctrine

the Soviets declared the right of intervention if a socialist state were threatened

The Solidarity movement in Poland

was outlawed in 1981 and its leaders arrested.

Alexander Dubcek introduced all of the following reforms in Czechoslovakia except (578) a. freedom of speech. b. freedom of the press. c. a cessation of secret police activities. d. freedom to travel abroad. e. a relaxation of secret police activities.

c.a cessation of secret police activities.

In Czechoslovakia, the "Prague Spring"

was shortly brought to an end by the Red Army

The East German leader Erich Honecker was most noted for

establishing a virtual dictatorship by using the Stasi or secret police in the 1970s and 1980s.

The East German secret police were called the

Stasi

The West German chancellor whose policy of Ostpolitik improved relations with East Germany was

Willy Brandt

"Eurocommunism" was most successful in

Italy

In 1965, who called the United States "the greatest danger in the world today to peace"?

Charles de Gaulle.

The Vietnam War

showed the limitations of American power, leading to improved Soviet-American relations.

The economic problems of the United States in the 1970s have been labeled

stagflation

After his election to the presidency in 1968, Richard Nixon relied upon a

southern strategy

The issue that led to Jimmy Carter's defeat in 1980 was

his inability to gain the release of American hostages held in Iran

The American president who made the decision to bomb North Vietnam and who significantly increased the number of American troops in the Second Vietnam War was

Lyndon Johnson

The Chinese communist movement in the 1960s and 1970s with the aim of crushing "the four olds" was known as

"the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution."

The American president who journeyed to the People's Republic of China in 1972 was

Richard Nixon

An appropriate symbol of détente between Russia and America was the ABM Treaty of 1972 that

pledged the two nations to limit their development of anti-ballistic missile systems thus avoiding a new arms race.

The 1975 Helsinki Agreements

recognized all borders in central and eastern Europe established since World War II thereby acknowledging a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe

Under the U.S. presidency of Jimmy Carter, a major goal of American foreign policy was

the protection of human rights globally

Ronald Reagan did all of the following except (613) a. cut back spending on food stamps. b. cut back spending on school lunch programs. c. increased spending on the military. d. raised taxes on the wealthy. e. more than doubled the national debt.

d.raised taxes on the wealthy.

The American president who helped maintain a Vietnam-like war in Afghanistan the by aiding anti-Soviet insurgents was

Ronald Reagan

"Small" wars like the ones in Vietnam and Afghanistan demonstrated that

there would be wars that the superpowers could not win against a strong nationalist and guerrilla-type opposition.

The British mathematician who designed a computer that assisted in breaking the secret German codes during World War II was

Alan Turring

Student protests in Europe backfired to an extent as

the full police powers of the states of Europe were brought down upon the protesters

The Soviet Union under Leonid Brezhnev

was relatively stable, although it threatened Soviet intervention when socialism was threatened in eastern European nations.

All of the following occurred in Great Britain under Margaret Thatcher except a. a popular victory against Argentina in the Falklands War. b. improved industrial production in the Midlands. c. serious cutbacks in education. d. large military buildup and hard-line approach against Communism. e. the weakening of the political left of the Labour Party.

b.improved industrial production in the Midlands.

"Eurocommunism" was most successful in

Italy

In 1965, who called the United States "the greatest danger in the world today to peace"?

Charles de Gaulle

By the mid-1960s, what was the primary concern of the United States?

China

The terrorist group who murdered Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic Games was the

Black September

In the 1960s, Marshall McLuhan predicted that the scenario for the future would be

a global village

The ruling policies of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union

evoked a "New Thinking" about world affairs and the balance of power leading to new arms limitation treaties and greater autonomy for Communist regimes in Eastern Europe.

Under perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev

intended to restructure the economic and political systems.

The Russian president after Boris Yeltsin was

Vladimir Putin.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia struggled with all of the following except

a renewed Communist Party majority which took over the government

Under Vladimir Putin's presidency, all of the following occurredexcept a. power was centralized in the federal government. b. Russia ended its war in Chechnya. c. as many as 40 percent of the population lived in poverty. d. the economy grew significantly and the government had a budget surplus. e. the economy significantly depended upon exports of oil and natural gas.

b.Russia ended its war in Chechnya.

The first independence movements among the Soviet republics during Gorbachev's rule occurred in the Baltic area of

Lithuania

Vladimir Putin was succeeded as president of Russia by

Dmitry Medvedev.

The Solidarity movement in Poland

ended the Communist monopoly of power in 1988-1989

In 1988, the first free parliamentary elections to occur in Eastern Europe for forty years took place in

Poland

The leader of Czechoslovakia in 1990 who replaced the Communist government was the former dissident writer and philosopher

Dubcek

The brutal dictatorial Communist government of Nicolae Ceausecu came to an end 1989 i

Romania

An Eastern European republic that, fueled by ethnic rivalries, came into existence in 1993 with the breakup of a previously existing state is

Slovakia

The politician who kept the fractious state of Yugoslavia together for decades after World War II was

Marshall Tito

Yugoslavia was divided into warring factions because of

differences of political goals

Bosnians, Croations, and Serbs met in Dayton, Ohio, in 1995 and

negotiated an end to the war in Bosnia.

The tactic of "ethnic cleansing," murdering or forcibly removing ethnic minorities from their lands in the former Yugoslavia, is a savage strategy of modern political terror practiced most brutally by

Serbs

The Yugoslavian president ousted from power in 2000 and who was subsequently put on trial for war crimes against humanity was

Slobodan Milosevic.

The reunification of Germany was accomplished under the leadership of

Helmut Kohl.

British Prime Minister Tony Blair's centrist policies were most reminiscent of

Bill Clinton's

The individual who succeeded Tony Blain as Britain's prime minister in 2007 was

Gordon Brown

The British prime minister who gave support to the United States in the war on terror and in the Iraq War was

Tony Blair

What caused massive rioting in the suburbs of Paris in 2005?

resentment of some young Muslims about unemployment and living conditions

As of 2009, unemployment in Parisian suburbs that are home to many Muslims exceeded

50%

The major issue that troubled Italian society in recent decades has been

political corruption

The common currency that was initially adopted by eleven member states of the European Union is the

euro

Challenges facing the Economic Union in the early twenty-first century include

many Europeans remain committed to a national identify and do not see themselves as "Europeans."

In the 2000 U.S. presidential election, who ultimately decided where Florida's electoral college votes would go?

The US Supreme Court

All of the following are correct about the Bill Clinton presidency except

the adoption of a costly national health system

A continuing problem roiling Canadian politics for the past several decades has been

the demand by many French-speaking Canadians that the province of Quebec become independent of the rest of Canada.

All of the following led to decline in George W. Bush's popularity by his second term as president except

his strong support for environmental programs that were opposed by major business interests

One of the underlying causes for the end of the Cold War was

financial difficulties

The first opportunity for testing the new relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era was the

Persian Gulf War

An example of nationalist terrorism is the

The IRA in Northern Ireland

The politician who called terrorism "the enemy of our generation" was

Bill Clinton

"al-Qaeda" means

"the base"

In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, the United States initially waged war in

Afghanistan

All are correct about the war in Iraq that began in 2003 except

the Iraqi army continued to put up fierce resistance to the coalition forces until 2006.

It could be claimed that all of the following contributed to Islamic terrorist activity against the West except

the defeat of Muslim Pakistan by India in Kashmir

A dramatic social development affecting the status and expectations of women in Western Europe since the 1960s has been

a persistent decline in birth rates across Europe with Spain's becoming the lowest in the world.

All of the following are examples of the women's movement except a. participation in antinuclear protests, such as at Greenham Common, England, in 1982. b. the lack of success in repealing laws against birth control and abortion in Europe. c. the repeal of many laws against birth control and abortion in most European countries. d. participation in many international conference devoted to women's issues. e. assuming leadership in environmental campaigns, such as Petra Kelly, who was one of the founders of the German Green Party.

b.the lack of success in repealing laws against birth control and abortion in Europe.

Protestant fundamentalism generally includes all of the following except

Support for secular humanism

Pope Paul II was, advocated or practiced all of the following except

had liberal views on birth control and women in the priesthood

Which of the following artists was a Neo-Expressionist?

Jean-Michael Basquiat

An example of multiculturalism in literature would be

Jhumpa Lahiri's Interpreter of Maladies.

A serious criticism of the digital revolution is

it has displaced cultural uniqueness and bodily presence

The collapse of the U.S. housing market in 2007-2008 led to

a worldwide recession

A transnational corporation is defined as

a company that has divisions in more than two countries.