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AP Euro Vocab > Chapter 12_ Akhila > Flashcards

Chapter 12_ Akhila Flashcards

1
Q

Jacob Burkhardt

A

Swiss historian and art critic who created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated work “civilization of the Renaissance in Italy” published in 1860

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2
Q

L’uomo Universale

A

a “universal person” with a well-rounded personality, a high regrard for human worth, and a realization of individual potentiality

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3
Q

Hanseatic League

A

league of merchants formed in the 13th century when some German costal towns cooperated to gain favorable trading rights in Flemish cities; formed military leagues to protect themselves from pirates; 100 towns joined to become an independent political power by 14th century; monopolized timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, and wines

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4
Q

House of Medici

A

the greatest banking house in Europe, with branches in Venice, Milan, Rome, Avignon, Bruges, London, and Lyons; controlled enterprises in wool, silk, aluminium mining, and dyeing textiles; principle bankers of the papacy (profits for and influence over papal court); declined due to poor leadership and bad loans; 1494- expelled from Florence

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5
Q

three estates

A

class divisions in France consisting of the clergy, the nobility, and the third estate (peasants and inhabitants of the towns and cities)

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6
Q

Book of the Courtier

A

the book in which Castiglione described three basic attributes of the perfect courtier

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7
Q

age of emancipation

A

between the early teens and late twenties: a child did no become an adult until the father went before a judge and emancipated him

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8
Q

five major powers of the Italian peninsula

A

the duchy of Milan, Venice, Florence, the papal states, and the Kingdom of Naples

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9
Q

Francesco Sforza

A

one of the leading condottiere who turned on his Milanese employers, conquered the city, and became its new duke

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10
Q

Cosimo de’ Medici

A

first of the Medici political dynasty; inherited wealth and name from his father, Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici; defacto ruler of the small merchant oligarchy in Florence and manipulated the republican government; 1434 took control of the oligarchy

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11
Q

Lorenzo the Maginficent

A

grandsom of Cosimo de Medici who successfully dominated the city of Florence when when it was the center of the cultural Renaissance

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12
Q

Battista Sforza

A

wife of Federigo de Montefeltro and niece of the ruler of Milan; intelligent, well versed in Latin and Greek; fostered art and letters in Urbino

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13
Q

Federigo da Montefelltro

A

ruler of Urbino (1444-1482); educated in humanist school; learned skills for fighting & hired himself out as condottiere; reliable and honest general; patrom of Renaissance culture; benevolent

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14
Q

Isabella d’Este

A

most famous Renaissance ruling woman; daughter of duke Ferrar; married Francesco Gonzoga (marquis of Mantua); important court for Renaissance art and literature; intelligent, political wisdom, clever negotiator

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15
Q

Peace of Lodi

A

signed by Italian states in 1454 to create peace until 1494; ended 1/2 century of war; created an alliance system that resulted in balance of power in Italy

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16
Q

Ludovico Sforza

A

duke of Milan who foolishly invited French to intervene in Italian politics

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17
Q

Charles VIII

A

French ruler, eager to intervene in Italian politics in 1494, occupied Naples with a 300,000 man army

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18
Q

Sack of Rome

A

1527; Italian states turned to Spain for help and both Spain and France fought for control of Italy; Charles I of Spain ended Italian war and dominated Italy

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19
Q

Machiavelli

A

secretary to Florentine Council of Ten and made many diplomatic missions to Germany and France; exiled in 1512 when Medici returned to power

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20
Q

The Prince

A

Book in which Machiavelli expressed his ideas on moderern, secular power politics (mostly concerning Italy); considered the founder of modern, secular power politics

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21
Q

“liberal arts”

A

a group of intellectual disciplines including grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, ethics, and history

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22
Q

Petrarch

A

father of Italian Renaissance humanism; rejected becomig a lawyer to becoma a writer; first to characterize Middle Ages as an era of darkness

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23
Q

New Cicero

A

biography of Cicero written by Leonardo Bruni (humanist, Florentine patriot, chancellor)

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24
Q

civic humanism

A

humanism that reflected the values of the urban society of the Italian Renaissance (form of republicanism); believed that their studies of humanity should be put to the service of the state

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25
Q

Manuel Chrysoloras

A

taught in Florence from 1396-1400; teacher of Leonardo Bruni who was one of the first to master Greek

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26
Q

Lorenzo Valla

A

aspired to be a papal secretary; proved that “Donation of Constantine” as a forged document; wrote “The Elegances of Latin Language” to restore Latin to proper vernacular

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27
Q

Poggio Bracciollini

A

another significant humanist educated in Florence; served in papal secretary; collected classical manuscripts (found works of 15 writers); wrote Facetiae (a book of jokes)

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28
Q

Florentine Platonic Academy

A

an informal discussion group; patron= Cosimo de’ Medici; studied works of Plato

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29
Q

Marsilio Ficino

A

influential humanist of Italian Ren; astrologer; reviewed neoplatonism; translated Plato’s dialogues for Cosimo de Medici

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30
Q

neoplatonism

A

the exposition of platonic philosophy; mystical philosophy centered on the teachings of Plato

31
Q

Corpus Hermeticum

A

a Greek work which Ficino translated into Latin for Cosimo; taught of divine and natural influence, astronomy, alchemy, etc

32
Q

Pico della Mirandola

A

one of the most prominent magi of the late 15th century; produced the “Oration on the Dignity of Man” (preface to “900 Conclusions”- summation of all learning and theses for public debate)

33
Q

Vittorino da Feltre

A

founded a famous secondary school for humanism at Mantau; education based on ideas of classical authors

34
Q

Pietro Paolo Vergerio

A

wrote a treaties on education called Concerning Character; stressed importance of liberal arts as the key to true freedom

35
Q

Isotta Nogarola

A

a woman who mastered Latin and wrote numerous letters and treatises

36
Q

Cassandra Fedele

A

from Venice; learned both Latin and Greek from humanist tutors hired by her family; became prominent in Venice for her public recitations of orations

37
Q

Leonardo Bruni

A

worte History of the Florentine People; greater attention on city-states

38
Q

Jacob Wimpheling

A

German scholar who wrote On the Excellence and Magnificence of the Germans

39
Q

Francesco Guicciardini

A

(1483-1540) greatest historian between Tacitus, and Voltaire and Gibbon; wrote the History of Italy and the History of Florence; analyzed political situations, emphasized political and military history

40
Q

Johannes Gutenberg

A

developed the movable printing press; Gutenberg’s bible was the first real book produced from movable type

41
Q

Masaccio

A

made frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel –> regarded as the first masterpiece of Early Renaissance Art; created realistic paintings

42
Q

Donatello

A

(1386-1466) studied and copied the statues of antiquity in Rome; statue of David with giant Goliath celebrated Florentine heroism in the triumph of the Florentines over the Milanese in 1428; his David radiated a simplicity and strength that reflected the dignity of humanity

43
Q

Brunelleschi

A

(1377-1446) friend of Donatello; inspired by architecture of Roman antiquity; creation of new architecture in Florence

44
Q

Raphael

A

(1483-1520) made numerous madonas, in which he attempted to achieve an ideal of beauty far surpassing human standards; frescoes in Vatican Palace

45
Q

Jan van Eyck

A

(1390-1442) among the first to use oil paint, a medium that enabled the artist to use a varied range of colors and make changes to create fine details; attentive to detail in Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

46
Q

Charles VII

A

(1422-1461) king of France; established a royal army composed of cavalry and archers; received right to levy the taille (property tax)

47
Q

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438)

A

an agreement with the papacy that strengthened the liberties of the French church administratively at the expense of the papacy; enabled the king to assume control over the church in France

48
Q

Louis XI (the spider)

A

known as the Spider because of his wily and devious ways; advanced the development of a French territorial state; made the taille permanent

49
Q

War of the Roses

A

broke out in the 1450s; civil war that pitted the ducal house of Lancaster (red rose) against the ducal house of York (white rose); in 1485, Henry Tudor defeated the last Yorkish king, Richard III, and established the new Tudor dynasty

50
Q

Bosworth Field

A

the place where Henry Tudor defeated Richard III

51
Q

Henry VII

A

(1485-1509) Henry Tudor, the first Tudor king; worked to reduce internal dissension and establish a strong monarchial government; successful in extracting income from the traditional financial resources; encouraged commerical activity

52
Q

Star Chamber

A

Court of Star Chamber; controlled the irresponsible activity of the nobles; did not use juries and allowed torture to be used to extract confessions

53
Q

Isabella of Castile

A

(1474-1504) married to Ferdinand of Aragon; worked to strengthen royal control of government; in 1502, she issued a decree, expelling all Muslims; expelled Jews from Spain in 1492

54
Q

Ferdinand of Aragon

A

(1479-1576) married to Isabella of Castille; worked to strengthen royal control of government; expelled Jews from Spain in 1492

55
Q

Spanish Inquisition

A

introduced into Spain in 1478; worked with cruel efficiency to guarantee the orthodoxy of the conversos, but had no authority over practicing Jews

56
Q

hermandandes

A

“brotherhoods”; medieval town organizations; organized to maintain law and order; disbanded by 1498

57
Q

corregidores

A

appointed by the crown to replace corrupt municipal officials

58
Q

House of Habsburg

A

acquired possessions in Austria; wealthy landholder family; success due to strategic dynastic marriages

59
Q

Frederick III

A

(1440-1493) gained large amounts of land in France and the Low Countires by marrying his son Maximilian to Mary, the daughter of Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy

60
Q

Maximilian I

A

(1493-1519) attempted to centralize the administration by creating new institutions common to the entire empire; only real success lay in his marriage alliances

61
Q

Ivan III

A

(1462-1505) freed Russia from the Mongols in 1450; annexed Russian principalities and eastern European territories

62
Q

John Wyclif

A

(1328-1384) Oxford theologian who started English Lollardy; attacked papal authority and medieval Chrstian beliefs and pracitices; Bible should be a Christian’s sole authority

63
Q

Lollards

A

John Wycliff’s followers; forced to go underground after 1400 in fear of persecution

64
Q

John Hus

A

(1374-1415) led a group of Czech reformers; urged the elimination of the worldliness and corruption of the clergy; attacked the excessive power of the papacy within the Catholic Church

65
Q

Council of Constance

A

attempted to deal with the growing problem of heresy by burning John Hus, which resulted in revolutionary upheaval

66
Q

Sacrosancta

A

passed by Council of Constance; stated that a general council of the church received its authority from God

67
Q

Frequens

A

provided for the regular holding of general councils to ensure that church reform would continue

68
Q

Execrabilis

A

papal bull issued by Pope Pius II; condemned appeals to a council over the head of a pope as heretical

69
Q

Julius II

A

(1503-1513) most involved in war and politicls; “warrior-pope”; personally led armies into battle

70
Q

Sixtus IV

A

(1471-1484) used nepotism; made 5 of his nephews cardinals and gave them many church offices to build up their finances

71
Q

nepotism

A

derived from “nepos,” meaning nephew; means favoring family

72
Q

Alexander VI

A

(1492-1503) known for his debauchery and sensuality; raised three family members to the cardinalate

73
Q

Leo X

A

(1513-1521) Julius’s successor; a patron of Renaissance culture (a deeply involved participant); commissed Raphael

AP Euro Vocab (7 decks)

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