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AP Euro Vocab > Chapter 14_Christine > Flashcards

Chapter 14_Christine Flashcards

1
Q

Marco Polo

A

undertook lengthy journey to Kubilai Khan’s court; ambassador of Kubilai, went on missions; his experiences in the Travels are the most informative of Asian descriptions by medieval European travelers

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2
Q

portolani

A

detailed charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the 13th and 14th centuries

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3
Q

caravel

A

ship that combined lateen sails with square rig; mobile enough to sail against wind and engage in naval warfare; used for exploration

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4
Q

Prince Henry the Navigator

A

Portuguese; wanted to 1. seek a Christian kingdom as ally against Muslims 2. acquiring trade opportunities for Portugal 3. extending Christianity

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5
Q

Batholomeu Dias

A

rounded Cape of Good Hope but returned to Portugal because of fear of a mutiny

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6
Q

Vasco da Gama

A

reached India (Calicut) by sailing around Africa; returned to Europe with ginger and cinnamon

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7
Q

Alfonso de Albuquerque

A

set up port facilities at Goa, the western coast of India to block Muslim traders; took contrl of Malacca

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8
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

explored coastline of Cub, Hispaniola, and the mainland of Central America; rejected by Portuguese but sponsored by Isabella I of Spain

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9
Q

John Cabot

A

explored New England coastline under a license from King Henry VII of England

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10
Q

Pedro Cabral

A

discovered South America accidentally in 1500

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11
Q

Amerigo Vespucci

A

wrote letters describing the geography of the New World; “America” named after him

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12
Q

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

A

Spanish; led an expedition across Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513

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13
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

first known circumnavigation of the earth; crossed Pacific Ocean, died in Philippines

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14
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

divided newly discovered world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence

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15
Q

Hernan Cortes

A

conquered the Aztecs with only a small force; destroyed Tenochtitlan

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16
Q

Francisco Pizzaro

A

conquered the Incas with only a small force; lucky because Incas already had smallpox; captured Cuzco and turned it into Lima

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17
Q

encomienda

A

a system that permitted the Spaniards to collect tribute from the natives and use them as laborers; the holders were supposed to protect the Indians, pay them wages, and supervise their spiritual needs

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18
Q

Catherine de’ Medici

A

dominated the sons of Henry II as regent; moderate, looked to religious compromise as a way to defuse religious tensions between French Catholics and Huguenots

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19
Q

Huguenots

A

French Calvinists; 40-50% of French nobility were Huguenots, including the House of Bourbon; was guaranteed the right to worship and were allowed to enjoy all political privileges by the Edict of Nantes

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20
Q

ultra-Catholics

A

extreme Catholic party; favored strict opposition to Huguenots; led by the Guise family

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21
Q

politiques

A

placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war; ultimately prevailed

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22
Q

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A

massacre of Hugeunots in August 1572; about 3000 Huguenots were murdered in Paris

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23
Q

Holy League

A

formed by ultra-Catholics to exterminate heresy and seat Henry, duke of Guise on the French throne

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24
Q

Henry, Duke of Guise

A

supported by Philip II of Spain; forced Henry III to make him his chief minister; assassinated by Henry III

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25
Q

Henry III

A

was forced to make Henry, Duke of Guise chief minister but then killed him; wanted to crush Catholic Holy Leagu and retake city of Paris; killed by a monk; made an alliance with Henry of Navarre

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26
Q

Henry of Navarre

A

a Huguenot; converted to Catholicism to save his life in St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre; converted back to Calvinism and then to Catholicism when he took French throne; known as Henry IV

27
Q

War of the Three Henries

A

the 3 Henries who fought for French throne

28
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

made Catholicism the official religion of France; guaranteed Hugeunots the right to worship in selected places in every district, allowed them to retain a number of fortified towns for their protection; Huguenots allowed to enjoy all political privileges

29
Q

Philip II

A

Spanish; ushered in an age of Spanish greatness, though began Spain’s decline because of his political and military commitments

30
Q

Battle of Lepanto

A

stunning victory of Philip II over the Turkish fleet

31
Q

William of Orange (William the silent, William of Nassau)

A

Wished to unify all 17 provinces of the Neterlands; countered spanish union of Arras w/ union of utrech - dividing the Netherlands on religious, polotical, & geographic terms; rebelled against king Philip’s repression.

32
Q

Duke of Alva

A

duke sent by Philip w/10,000 spanish/Italian troops to crush William of Nassau’s rebellion

33
Q

“Sea Beggars”

A

Dutch pirates who mounted the growing resistance to Philip along w/ William of Orange

34
Q

Pacification of Ghent

A

agreement (1576) that stipulated that all the provinces would stand together under William’s leadership, respect religious differences and demand that spanish troops be withdrawn

35
Q

Duke of Parma

A

next spanish leader of Netherlands who split provinces of Neth b/c religious differences, creating the union of Arras

36
Q

Union of Arras

A

a union formed by the southern catholic provinces of the Netherlands in 1519 and accepted Spanish control

37
Q

Union of Utrecht

A

created by William of Orange to counter Union of Arras; Union ofNothern Dutch speaking states -> protestant union to oppose spanish rule

38
Q

Elizabeth I

A

Halfsister of Mary; Queen of England; daughter of Henry III & Anne Boleyn; inheerited throne from Mary who tried to turn England catholoc religiuos policy based on compromise

39
Q

Elizabethian Settlement

A

1559; repealed Mary’s reign, new Act of Supremacy that designated Elizabeth as only supreme (temporal & spiritual) uler of realm, and Act of uniformity to restore the church services of the Book of Common prayer; smother religious differences in Eng.

40
Q

Mary, Queen of Scots

A

catholic cousin of Elizabeth & next in line to the throne; ousted from Scotland by calvinist nobles, fled to England where she plotted to kill Elizabeth; Elizabeth had her beheaded to remove threat to throne.

41
Q

Puritans

A

greater threat to Anglicanism; protestants within the Anglican chruch who, inspired by calvinist theology, wanted to remove any trace of catholocism from the chruch of England; contained by Elizabeth, but would dominate in 27th century.

42
Q

Spanish Armada

A

ordered by Philip & would rendezvous with the army of te duke to parma in Flanders and escort his troops across the English channel for the invasion of England; ultimately failed b/c not enough ships or man power.

43
Q

joint-stock company

A

a company of association that raises capital b selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company

44
Q

Bank of Amsterdam

A

1609: a deposit and transfer institution created by the city of Amsterdam to replace traditional family banking firms

45
Q

Amsterdam Bourse

A

Exchange where the trading of stocks replaced the exchnage of goods; hub of the European bussiness world in the 17th century

46
Q

Defenestration of prague

A

The protestant nobles proclaimed their resistance (rebelled against Ferdinand) by throwing 2 Habsburg governors and 1 secretart out the window of a royal castle in parague

47
Q

Battle of White Mountain

A

battle in which the imperial forces, ordered by the imposing forces of Maximilian of Brararra and the Catholic League defeated Federick and the Bohemian nobles outside Prague

48
Q

Albercht Von Wallenstein

A

a bohemian nobleman who had taken advantage of Ferdinand’s victory to become the country’s wealthiest landowner; marched imperial army north, defeated Danes, occupied parts of northern Germany

49
Q

Edict of Restitution

A

1629 issued by Ferdinand II at the height of his power; prohibited calvinist worship and restored to the catholic churh all propery taken by protestant princess & cities during the past 75 yrs.

50
Q

Gustavus Adolphus

A

king of Sweden (revived the nation); supported by France took army to Germany; lutheran; prevailed in Battle of lut zen, but killed in battle.

51
Q

Battle of Lutzen

A

battle against N.Germany n which Swedes prevailed, but swedish king died in battle

52
Q

Battle of Nordlingen

A

German imperial army defeated the swedes (1634) & drove them out of S.Germany; guaranteed that S.Germany would remain catholic & emperor Francis II annulled Edict of Restitution to make peace

53
Q

Peace of Westpnalia

A

1648: ended war in Germany; ensured all German states (including Calvinistones) were free to determine their own religion; France gained parts of western Germany, Alsace, & cities (gave France conrtol of Franco Germ. Border, 300 + states in HRE = recognized as independant states -> seperate religion & politics

54
Q

Malleus Malticarum

A

book that argued thath there was a direct link between women & witchcraft because women are inferior to men mentally & morally; moral weakness makes them vulnerable to tempation by satan

55
Q

Mannerism

A

Italy 1520s / 1530s; deliberate attempt to breakdown the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony & moderation; derives from critice who considered contemporary artists to be second rate imitates; distorted rules of proportion to convey suffering and strong emotional atmosphere of anxiety & confusion

56
Q

El Greco

A

Domenikos Theotocopoulos: crete who moved to Spain where he becam a church painter in Toledo; elongateed & controled figures, portrayed in unusual shades of yellow & green against an eerie background of trubulent grays creating intense emotion

57
Q

Baroque

A

lat quarter of 16th century; harmonize classical traditions of Renaissance art with the intense religious feelings fostered by the revival of religion in the Reformation; first appeared in Rome -> jesuit church of II Gesu in 1575

58
Q

Peter Paul Rubens

A

used Baroque dramatic effects to heighten emotional intensity; prolific artist and important figure in spread of Abaroque from Italy to other parts of Europe; violent motion, nudes, dramatic lighting, shadows, rich pigments &coverage -> constant movement/ restless forms units

59
Q

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

A

greatest figure of the Baroque; Italian archtiect & sculptor who completed St. Peter’s Bascilia and designed the vast colonnade enclosing the piazza in front of it

60
Q

Michel de Montaigne

A

closely associated with concept of positive skepticism; son of French merchant; lawyer; wrote Essays to question authority & tradition and attacked moral absolutists; especially critical of Huguenot & ultra-catholic fanatics of the French wars of Religion; countered fanatacism by preaching moderation and toleration

61
Q

Willian Shakespheare

A

most famous dramatist of Elizabethan literature; actor & shareholder in a theatrical company as well as a play wright; wrote many tragedies, comedies, romances, and histories

62
Q

Lope De Vega

A

Prolific writer who wrote with charming action packed, and realistic: wrote plays ONLY to please the public, not for fame

63
Q

Miguel decerrantes

A

writer of Don Quixitie during the golden age of spanish literature, satinized medivial chivalry and concealed it with literary realism

AP Euro Vocab (7 decks)

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