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AP Euro Vocab > Chapter 15_Akhila > Flashcards

Chapter 15_Akhila Flashcards

1
Q

absolutism

A

sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right

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2
Q

Bishop Jacques Bossuet

A

chief theorist of divine-right monarchy; argued that government was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society; since kings received their power from God, their authority was absolute

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3
Q

Cardinal Richelieu

A

Louis XIII’s chief minister; initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy; eliminated political and military rights of the Huguenots while preserving their religious ones

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4
Q

intendants

A

royal officials sent by Richelieu to execute orders of central government; victorious in disputes with provincial governors; sent for financial reasons

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5
Q

taille

A

an annual direct tax usually levied on land or property

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6
Q

Cardinal Mazarin

A

Richelieu’s trained successor, allowed to dominate the government by Anne of Austria, wife of dead King Louis XIII; greatly disliked

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7
Q

the Fronde

A

a revolt during Mazarin’s rule; last serious attempt to limit the growing power of the crown until the French Revolution

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8
Q

Sun King

A

fostered by Louis XIV; the source of light of all the people; relates to the theory of absolute monarchy

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9
Q

Francois Michel Le Tellier

A

secretary of state for War for Louis XIV

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10
Q

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

A

replaced Fouquet as superintendent of finances; another noble of bourgeois origin

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11
Q

Edict of Fontainbleau

A

revoked Edict of Nantes; provided for the destruction of Huguenot churches and the closing of their schools; issued by Louis XIV

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12
Q

Versailles

A

where the court of Louis was; residence of the king, a reception hall for state affairs, and office building for the members of the government, home of royal officials and aristocratic courtiers

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13
Q

“natural frontiers”

A

the Alps, Pyrenees, and Rhine River; “natural boundaries” of France

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14
Q

War of the League of Augsburg

A

Louis XIV against the League of Augsburg (Spain, HRE, United Provinces, Sweden, England); brought economic depression and famine to France

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15
Q

War of the Spanish Succession

A

Louis XIV fought for succession to the Spanish throne; Spain and France vs. coalition of Eng, Holland, Habsburg Austria, and German states

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16
Q

Peace of Utrecht

A

confirmed Philip V as the Spanish ruler, initiating a Spanish Bourbon dynasty that would last into the 20th century; thrones of Spain and France were to remain separated

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17
Q

Gaspar de Guzman

A

chief minister of Philip IV; dominated the king’s every move and worked to revive the interests of the monarchy

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18
Q

Hohenzollerns

A

located in Brandenburg-Prussia; laid foundations for Prussian state; ruled northeastern Germany

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19
Q

Frederick William the Great

A

first important Hohenzollern ruler, laid the foundation for the Prussian state; built an efficient and competent standing army; established the General War Commissariat to levy taxes

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20
Q

Frederick III

A

less rigid and militaristic than his father; spent money building palaces, establishing a university, and copying the splendors of Louis XIV; became King Frederick I of Prussia

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21
Q

Habsburgs

A

Austrian, Holy Roman Emperors; never became a highly centralized, absolutist state

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22
Q

Treaty of Karlowitz

A

Austria took control of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia

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23
Q

Ivan the Terrible

A

1st rule to take title of tsar; expanded territories of Russia eastward; extended autocracy of the tsar by crushing the power of the Roman nobility, known as the boyars

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24
Q

Michael Romanov

A

the tsar elected by the Zemsky Sobor to end the Time of Troubles

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25
Q

Peter the Great

A

greatly westernized Russia; reorganized the army and created a navy; only consistent purpose was to win military victories; adopted Western mercantilism

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26
Q

Great Northern War

A

Peter attacked Sweden for access to the Baltic; Peter achieved vicotyr and Russia became a great European state

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27
Q

Battle of Poltava

A

Peter defeated Charles XII decisively

28
Q

Peace of Nystadt

A

gave formal recognition to Peter’s acquisition of Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia

29
Q

St. Petersburg

A

constructed by Peter the Great; primarily interested in military affairs; a brilliant general

30
Q

Charles XII

A

defeated by Peter the Great; primarily interested in military affairs; a brilliant general

31
Q

Janissaries

A

Christian boys converted to Islam; composed an elite force of troops for Ottoman Empire

32
Q

Sejm

A

Polish diet; 2-chamber assembly in which landowners completely dominated the few townspeople and lawyers; elected kings who agreed to share power with the Sejm

33
Q

liberum veto

A

Polish; the legal right of each member of the Sejm (legislature) to defeat by his vote alone any measure under consideration or to dissolve the Sejm and nullify all acts passed during its session

34
Q

Dutch “Golden Age”

A

17th century; Dutch (United Provinces) held the center stage as one of Europe’s great powers

35
Q

stadholder

A

Dutch provincial official responsible for leading the army and maintaining order

36
Q

fluyt

A

a Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated cargo vessel

37
Q

James I

A

King James VI of Scotland who understood little of English culture, trumped by Engl. Parilament

38
Q

Charles I

A

declined Petition of Right that granted king right to tax; pursued a course of “personal rule”; didn’t work with Parilament

39
Q

Petition of Right

A

right that gave the king the right to tax only with the consent of Parliament, arbitrary imprisonment, quartering of soldiers, declaration of martial law in peacetime

40
Q

Ship Money

A

tax levied on seacoast towns to pay for coastal defense, used to finance government operations besides defense

41
Q

Logn Parliament

A

lasted from 1640-1660, took a series of steps that placed severe limitations upon royal authority: abolished arbitrary courts, taxes commissioned without Parliament consent, and Triennial Act (Parilament must meet at least every 3 years)

42
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

an Englishmilitaryandpoliticalleader and laterLord Protectorof theCommonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland; defeated King Charles I

43
Q

Rump Parliament

A

53 member Parliament who tried to condemn the king on chartes of treason and adjudged that he was a traitor, tyrant, and murderer; Charles was beheaded

44
Q

Commonwealth

A

republic of England

45
Q

Levellers

A

advocates of ideas such as freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and a democratic republic

46
Q

Instrument of Government

A

England’s first and last written constitution in which executive power was invested in the Lord Protector and legislative power in a Parliament

47
Q

Lord Protector

A

a position held by Cromwell; the title of the head of state during the Commonwealth

48
Q

Charles II

A

returned to England after 11 years of exile; restored monarchy and Anglican church; new Parliament (Cavalier Parliament)

49
Q

Declaration of Indulgence

A

suspended laws that Parliament had passed against Catholics and Puritans

50
Q

Test Act

A

1673; specifying that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices

51
Q

Exlusion Bill

A

1678-1681; barred James from the throne as a professed Catholic ; failed attempt; created Which party and Tories party

52
Q

Whigs

A

wanted to excude James and establish a Protestant king with toleration of Dissenters

53
Q

Tories

A

supported the king, despite their dislike of James as a Catholic, because they did not believe Parliament should tamper with the lawful succession to the throne

54
Q

James II

A

attempted to further Catholc interests; conflict with Parilament-named Catholics to highest positions in office; issued Declaration of Indulgence

55
Q

William of Orange

A

Husband of James’s daighter Mary, invaded England; interveterate foe of Louis XIV-fought France with England’s resources

56
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

1688; England’s war over monarchial government and its ruler; confirmed William and Mary as monarchs

57
Q

Bill of Rights

A

affirmed Parliament’s right to make laws and levy taxes and make it impossible for kings to oppose or do without Parliament by stipulating that standing armies could be raised only with the consent of Parliament; helped fashion a system of government based on the rule of law and freely elected Parliament; foundation for constitutional monarchy

58
Q

Toleration Act

A

1689; granted Puritan Dissenters the right to free public worship, although they did not yet have full civil and political equality since the Test Act was not repealed

59
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

political thinker who lived during the English Civil War, alarmed by revolutionary upheaval; claimed absolute authority over its subjects-Leviathan; human state of nature was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short; humans guided by animalistic instincts and ruthless struggle for self preservation, not by morals ro reason

60
Q

John Locke

A

argued against the absolute rule of one man; humans live in a state of equality and freedom rather than war; inalienable rights-life, liberty, property; government should protect theses rights; people can overthrow government if they see fit

61
Q

Leviathan

A

1651- major treaties on political thought published by Thomas Hobbes

62
Q

Mercantilism

A

belief that total volume of trade was unchangable; favorable balance of trade: exports are greater than imports

63
Q

Dutch East India Company

A

chartered company established in 1602, when theStates-General of the Netherlandsgranted it a 21-yearmonopolyto carry out colonial activities in Asia.

64
Q

Rembrandt van Rijn

A

finest example of the golden age of Dutch paintings; opulent portraits; colorful; turned away from conformity and success to pursue own artistic style; died bankrupt; great Protestant painter

65
Q

French Neoclassicism

A

emphasized clever polished and correct over creative/imaginative; Greek and Roman roots

66
Q

Jean Baptiste Racine

A

French Neoclassical playwrite; Phedre, best play; influenced by Greek tragedies

67
Q

Jean Baptiste Moliere

A

wrote, produced, and acted ina series of comedies that satirized the religious and social world of his time; “Misanthrope”-ridiculed upper class society, “Tartuffe”-ridiculed hipocracy

AP Euro Vocab (7 decks)

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