Chapter 13

Question 1

Blood supply to the brain

Answer 1

comes directly from the heart,
via the aorta

Question 2

what gives rise to the cerebral arteries

Answer 2

Branches of the aorta, such
as the common carotid,
subclavian, and vertebral
arteries

Question 3

bring oxygenated
blood from the heart to the
brain

Answer 3

arteries

Question 4

carry deoxygenated
blood from the brain back to
the heart.

Answer 4

veins

Question 5

Brian consumes how much of the bodys oxygen

Answer 5

20%

Question 6

The heart pumps oxygenated
blood into the

Answer 6

aorta

Question 7

The blood is distributed from the aorta to

Answer 7

two subclavian arteries

Question 8

Oxygenated blood enters the
brain via

Answer 8

2 Internal carotid arteries, 2 Vertebral arteries

Question 9

Common carotid arteries

Answer 9

Ascend into the neck where they each divide into an
internal carotid artery and an external carotid artery.

Question 10

The external carotid arteries divert to

Answer 10

the face

Question 11

internal carotid arteries

Answer 11

proceed upward toward the
brain on each side of the neck, near the surface, just
behind the angle of the jaw.

Question 12

The internal carotids divide into two main branches

Answer 12

anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Question 13

Other arteries which arise from
the internal carotid include

Answer 13

anterior communicating artery
posterior communicating artery

Question 14

ACA

Answer 14

Medial surface of the frontal
and parietal lobes and corpus
callosum

Question 15

MCA

Answer 15

Lateral portions of the
hemispheres

Question 16

ACA function

Answer 16

Supplies blood to the medial cortex, including the medial aspect of the motor strip and the sensory strip

Question 17

MCA function

Answer 17

Tree-like branches that bring blood to the entire lateral aspect ofeach hemisphere, The artery supplies blood to the cortical areas involved in speech,swallowing, and language including Broca’a area, Wernicke’s area,and primary auditory cortex

Question 18

Considered terminal arteries

Answer 18

No collateral circulation, A blockage will completely prevent blood from reaching that part of the brain

Question 19

blockage in the ACA

Answer 19

Contralateral sensory and motor impairments in the lower body,incontinence, gait apraxia

Question 20

blockage in the MCA

Answer 20

Aphasia, contralateral hemiparesis, cognitive impairments, impaired touch,
position, pain and temperature, reading and writing impairments

Question 21

vertebral arteries

Answer 21

Ascend through the spinal column and enter the brain through the
foramen magnum

Question 22

what forms the basilar artery

Answer 22

At the lower border of the pons, the two vertebral arteries join
together

Question 23

posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Answer 23

Just superior to the origin of the oculomotor nerve, the basilar artery divides into a pair of terminal branches

Question 24

where do the PCAs supply

Answer 24

the medial area of the occipital lobes and the inferior
aspects of the temporal lobes. They also supply the pons, cerebellum and
the inner ear

Question 25

PCA supplies blood to

Answer 25

thalamus

Question 26

PCA blocage can cause

Answer 26

cranial nerve damage and visual problems

Question 27

what closes the posterior portion of the circle of willis

Answer 27

The left and right posterior communicating arteries originate from these posterior cerebral arteries and merge with the internal carotid arteries

Question 28

the circle of willis

Answer 28

At the base of the brain, the two internal carotids and the basilar artery meet to form the circle of Willis. The circle is completed by the anterior and posterior communicating arteries

Question 29

Blood in the circle of willis

Answer 29

it is redistributed by the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries.

Question 30

Circle of willis - ACA

Answer 30

joined together by the anterior communicating artery

Question 31

circle of willis - MCA

Answer 31

linked to the posterior cerebral arteries by the posterior communicating arteries

Question 32

what allows for collateral circulation

Answer 32

the joining of arteries

Question 33

Circle of willis purpose

Answer 33

a safety mechanism which allows brain areas to continue receiving adequate blood supply even when there is a blockage somewhere in an arterial system

Question 34

ACA function

Answer 34

supplies blood to the upper and anterior regions of the frontal lobes and the corpus callosum

Question 35

MCA function

Answer 35

supplies the lateral surface of cortex including regions of the frontal lobe, plus the thalamus and the basal ganglia

Question 36

PCA function

Answer 36

supplies blood to the occipital lobe and the lower parts of the temporal lobe.

Question 37

Circle of willis flow

Answer 37

subclavian - vertebral arteries, basilar arteries, cartotid arteries, internal cartoid arteries,

Question 38

What forms the circle of willis

Answer 38

Internal carotid arteries and basilar arteries form the circle of Willis at the base of the cerebrum

Question 39

Circle of willis distributes blood where

Answer 39

cerebrum

Question 40

artery compromised below circle of willis

Answer 40

an adequate supply of blood is maintained and damage to the brain is minimized

Question 41

artery compromised above circle of willis

Answer 41

alternate circulation routes are limited and brain damage may occur

Question 42

venules

Answer 42

collect deoxygenated blood from the capillaries and put it in the veins

Question 43

Superficial Cerebral Veins

Answer 43

Collect blood from the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter

Question 44

Deep Cerebral Veins

Answer 44

Collect blood from the subcortical gray mater structures (thalamus and hippocampus).

Question 45

arachnoid granulates drain

Answer 45

CSF into the venous system

Question 46

Where is the CSF drained

Answer 46

into the internal jugular veins and return to the heart

Question 47

Cerebral vascular accident - Stroke

Answer 47

temporary or permanent disturbance of brain function due to vascular disruptions

Question 48

how long for a stroke until permanent cell damage

Answer 48

24 hours

Question 49

TIAS

Answer 49

mini stroke, does not cause cell damage

Question 50

stroke cause

Answer 50

blockage of blood supply or bleeding on the brain

Question 51

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Answer 51

brain attack

Question 52

Stroke symptoms

Answer 52

weakness numbness, loss of vision, mental status change, dizziness, severe headache

Question 53

How many strokes

Answer 53

795,000 with 140,000 deaths per year

Question 54

Ischemic stroke

Answer 54

Damage secondary to lack of oxygen to the brain structures * Brain structure dies  tissue necrosis infarcts

Question 55

Thrombotic stroke

Answer 55

an artery is gradually occluded by a plug of material that accumulates at a given site in the artery

Question 56

embolic stroke

Answer 56

an artery is suddenly occluded by material that moves through the vascular system and blocks an artery

Question 57

hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 57

Caused by rupture of a cerebral blood vessel  May be caused by weakness of a vessel wall, traumatic injury to a vessel, or extreme fluctuations in blood pressure  10% caused by HTN  Wide age range  Aneurysm  Arteriovenous malformation  Anticoagulation (TPA