Chapter 3

Question 1

Golgi type 1

Answer 1

Long axons, road with no exits, motor and somatosensory neurons

Question 2

Golgi type 2

Answer 2

Short axons, road with multiple exits, microneurons, anaxonic

Question 3

What Golgi type are interneurons

Answer 3

Either

Question 4

Motor neurons

Answer 4

efferent

Question 5

sensory neurons

Answer 5

afferent

Question 6

interneurons

Answer 6

connect neurons

Question 7

How to neurons communicate within cells

Answer 7

electrical signals, action potential via neurotransmitters

Question 8

The synapse

Answer 8

nerve cells communicate through impulses

Question 9

Nerve impulses

Answer 9

chemical component and electrical component of the cell

Question 10

chemical component

Answer 10

neurotransmitters, convey signals btw. neuron and peripheral structure

Question 11

Synapse step 1

Answer 11

polarized membrane; neuron is ready to fire

Question 12

neuron state of rest is

Answer 12

polarized

Question 13

electrical imbalance

Answer 13

inferior is more negative than the outside
Inside = -70mV
outside = 0mV

Question 14

Chemical imbalance Na+

Answer 14

large concentration outside, small inside

Question 15

Chemical imbalance Ca+

Answer 15

Large concentration outside, small inside

Question 16

Chemical imbalance K+

Answer 16

Small concentration outside, large inside

Question 17

Resting membrane potential

Answer 17

a net negative, intracellular charge that is maintained through sodium- potassium ion pump at rest to create a gradient energy potential

Question 18

polarized

Answer 18

neuron is ready to fire based on resting membrane (-70mV)

Question 19

hyper-polarized

Answer 19

inside of neuron becomes more negative (-80 to 90mV) and less likely to send action potential

Question 20

depolarized

Answer 20

difference in the electrical charge btw. inside and outside of neuron (-55 - -60mV), triggers ion channel activation

Question 21

basic ion channels

Answer 21

always open, allow for free movement

Question 22

ligand-gated channels

Answer 22

only open in response to the presence of a neurotransmitter

Question 23

mechanically gated channels

Answer 23

respond to mechanical displacement, found in the somatosensory systems

Question 24

voltage gated channels

Answer 24

only in response to a change in re-voltage of the neuron

Question 25

Excitatory signal

Answer 25

depolarization

Question 26

Inhibitory signal

Answer 26

hyperpolarization, inhibitory

Question 27

electrical signal

Answer 27

transmitted down axon to mer

Question 28

signal direction

Answer 28

sent from the soma to the axon terminal

Question 29

chemical signal

Answer 29

sent to another neuron which triggers another electrical signal

Question 30

Excitatory path (depolarization)

Answer 30

neurotransmitters open Na+ channels, Na+ floods in, increased positive charge in neuron = potential depolarization

Question 31

depolarization goal

Answer 31

-70 mV to -55mV

Question 32

inhibitory path (hyperpolarization)

Answer 32

neurotransmitters open K+, or chloride channels K+ moves out of the cell

Question 33

hyper polarization goal

Answer 33

leave inside more negative = potential hyper-polarization

Question 34

Synapse Step 2A

Answer 34

chemical firing of a neuron

Question 35

Ion-tropic receptos

Answer 35

directly open and close ion gates rapidly

Question 36

excitatory receptors

Answer 36

glutamate opens iontropic receptors

Question 37

inhibitory receptors

Answer 37

GABA closes ion-tropic receptors

Question 38

lack of GABA

Answer 38

huningtons disease

Question 39

metabotropic receptors

Answer 39

slower, dopamine-parkinsons

Question 40

Synapse Step 2B

Answer 40

electrical firing on the neuron (depolarization)

Question 41

how to ion gates open

Answer 41

neurotransmitters attach to receptor sites

Question 42

Na+ rushed where

Answer 42

into neuron

Question 43

Step 2B triggers

Answer 43

an action potential (rapid change)

Question 44

Step 3 Repolarization

Answer 44

sodium gates close and potassium gates open, potassium rushed out of neuron, depolarization is stopped

Question 45

sodium potassium pump

Answer 45

exports 3 Na+ ions out for every two P+ ions that are imported back

Question 46

Without repolarization what would happen

Answer 46

body does not function

Question 47

All or none principal

Answer 47

threshold of -55mV needs to be reached in order for the neuron to fire action potential (fixed strength)

Question 48

unmyelinated axons

Answer 48

process progresses down entire axon length

Question 49

myelinated axons

Answer 49

process jumps from node to node, speeds progression of axon potential

Question 50

nodes of ranvier

Answer 50

high density of ion channels