Chapter 2

Question 1

Brian and spinal cord material

Answer 1

soft and gelatinous

Question 2

3 main layers of protection

Answer 2

1. cranium and vertebral column, 2. 3 meningeal layers, 3. cerebral spinal fluid

Question 3

Foramen Magnum

Answer 3

exit location for brainstem and spinal cord

Question 4

foramina

Answer 4

small exit locations for nerves and blood vessels

Question 5

cranial fossa

Answer 5

protection

Question 6

anterior cranial fossa

Answer 6

houses frontal lobe

Question 7

middle cranial fossa

Answer 7

houses temporal lobe

Question 8

posterior cranial fossa

Answer 8

houses parietal and occipital lobe

Question 9

Meninges

Answer 9

fibrous tissue membranes that encase brain and spinal cord, added layer of protection

Question 10

Dura Mater

Answer 10

“tough mother”, outermost membrane, dense and fibrous, provides maximum protection

Question 11

Dura Mater Consists of

Answer 11

2 fibrous layers which are attached except where they separate to form sinuses

Question 12

external periosteal

Answer 12

attaches to the inner surface of the skull

Question 13

internal meningeal

Answer 13

overlies the underlying arachnoid mater

Question 14

Falx Cerebri

Answer 14

dural extension, extends longitudinally in the longitudinal fissure

Question 15

Falx Cerebri forms

Answer 15

a verticle partition btw. cerebral hemispheres, ends superior to the corpus callosum

Question 16

Falx cerebri at the dorsal edge

Answer 16

forms cavity for superior sagittal sinus

Question 17

Falx Cerebri purpose

Answer 17

drainage location for deoxygenated blood

Question 18

Falx Cerebri path

Answer 18

reaches jugular vein, then goes back to the brain

Question 19

Epidural

Answer 19

space between dura mater and bone

Question 20

subdural

Answer 20

space between dura mater and arachnoid

Question 21

hemorrhage

Answer 21

bleeding

Question 22

hematoma

Answer 22

bruise

Question 23

herniation

Answer 23

shifting of the brainstem or other structures

Question 24

herniation is secondary to

Answer 24

brain swelling, hemorrhaging, increased CSF, intracranial pressure

Question 25

arachnoid mater

Answer 25

"spider mother", thin nonvascular membrane, full of CSF

Question 26

What separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater

Answer 26

subdural space

Question 27

arachnoid granulations

Answer 27

arachnoid pushes through the dura to form these

Question 28

Pia Mater

Answer 28

thin connective tissue that adheres to the entire surface of the brain

Question 29

Pia Mater follows

Answer 29

the contours of the gyri and sulci

Question 30

What runs on top of the pia mater

Answer 30

blood vessels

Question 31

Meningitis

Answer 31

caused by a viral or bacterial infection, inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord

Question 32

Meningitis cause

Answer 32

subdural membranes, nerve roots, and blood vessels penetrating the meninges

Question 33

Meningitis symtoms

Answer 33

stiff neck from streching of ghr nerves

Question 34

Blood Brain Barrier

Answer 34

BBB, located in walls of blood vessels of the CNS

Question 35

BBB cells

Answer 35

endothelial cells are packed tightly

Question 36

BBB purpose

Answer 36

maintains a constant environment for the brain

Question 37

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 37

BBB not fully developed, fetal liver cannot metabolize alcohol, CNS and PNS impacted

Question 38

First trimester alcohol use

Answer 38

impact migration and organization, lead to disability and low birth weight

Question 39

Ventricles

Answer 39

filled with CSF, produced in the choroid plexus

Question 40

Ventricles travel

Answer 40

from lateral ventricle - 3rd ventricle - 4th ventricle - subarachnoid space

Question 41

Ventricles end

Answer 41

absorbed into the bloodstream through arachnoid granulations

Question 42

Ventricles purpose

Answer 42

eliminate waste

Question 43

Choroid Plexus

Answer 43

produces and circulates CSF

Question 44

Communicating Hydrocephalus

Answer 44

failure of arachnoid granulations to reabsorb CSF

Question 45

noncommunicating hydrocephalus

Answer 45

blockage in flow of the CSF, TBI hemorrhage

Question 46

What happens when blood flow is constricted

Answer 46

no blood flow to brain tissue will lead to cell death

Question 47

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Answer 47

Large dialated ventricels, normal presusre

Question 48

when does normal pressure hydrocephalus occur

Answer 48

in those over 60, one of the few reversible causes of dementia