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Bio 30 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

The _ system is compromised of _ and _ which secretes information throughout the body

A

Endocrine
Glands
Hormones

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2
Q

Where do the hormones from the endocrine glands go

A

Bloodstream then goes throughout the body

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3
Q

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system is __ and has __ acting effects

A

Slower
Longer

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Is the body constantly wanting to be balanced

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5
Q

What are the major endocrine glands. Give 9

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testes
Ovaries

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6
Q

What are the jobs of hormones

A

Growth and development
Metabolism
Blood pressure
Immune response

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7
Q

Each cell contains _ which hormones can bind to

A

Receptors

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8
Q

Hormones are composed of either

A

Lipids
Or
Amino acids

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9
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Lipid based hormones that can easily diffuse through cell membrane or targeted cells and bind to their receptor proteins
Ex: testosterone, estrogen, cortisol

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10
Q

water soluble hormones

A

cannot diffuse across the cell membrane so their binding receptors are on the cell surface.
ex: epinephrine, HGH, thyroxine, insulin

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11
Q

negative feedback

A

system self corrects

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12
Q

what happens when the hormone amount is reached

A

the gland turns off so hormone doesnt get released anymore

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13
Q

tropic hormone, where is it found

A

found in anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus
- they are hormones that get released and targets other glands which then releases its own hormones

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14
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

behind
- part of the nervous system instead
- stores hormones NOT produce
- holds ADH and Oxytocin (which is produced by the hypothalamus)

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15
Q

pituitary gland has _ lobes. what is it. how many hormone do they release

A

2 lobes
anterior and posterior
- releases 8 hormones

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16
Q

portal system

A

carries hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland
- stimulates/inhibits release of hormones

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17
Q

Human Growth Hormone

A

HGH
- Target: affects body tissues
- stimulates protein synthesis
- cell division and growth of cartilage, bone and muscle
- metabolic breakdown and release of fat

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18
Q

gigantism

A
  • too much HGH production in childhood
  • hyper secretion of HGH
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19
Q

dwarfism

A
  • too low production of HGH
  • hypo secretion of HGH
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20
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • metabolic thermostat
  • found below larynx
  • secrete immature thyroid hormones
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21
Q

thyroxine

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A

T4
- increase metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates for energy
- NO SPECIFIC TARGETS
- just there to increase rate of cellular respiration (for energy)

22
Q

Hypothyroidism. give symptoms

Study These Flashcards
A
  • underdeveloped thyroid
  • low thyroxine levels
    Symptoms:
  • tired
  • slow pulse
  • puffy skin
  • weight gain
  • hair loss
  • cretinism (impaired physical and mental development)
23
Q

hyperthyroidism and symptoms

Study These Flashcards
A
  • overproduction of thyroxine
    symptoms:
  • anxiety
  • insomnia (difficult to sleep)
  • heat intolerance (overheated)
  • irregular heartbeat
  • weight loss
  • Grave’s disease
24
Q

Explain the TRH/TSH/Thyroxine

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Hypothalamus releases TRH to trigger Anterioir Pituitary
  2. Anterior Pituitary releases TSH to trigger Thyroid
  3. Thyroid releases Thyroxine to increase cellular respiration
    - requires iodine
    - goitre will form if there is no iodine
25
Calcitonin
- hormone that regulates calcium levels in blood - when calcium is too high, calcitonin stimulates uptake of calcium in bones
26
HIGH Calcitonin Loop
1. Thyroid gland gets triggered by increase calcium so it releases calcitonin 2. This stimulates uptake of Calcium in bones from blood 3. lowers blood calcium
27
low calcitonin loop
1. blood calcium too low so parathyroid gland gets triggered 2. releases PTH 3. targets bones, kidneys 4. blood reabsorbs Calcium from targets
28
what are the hormones stored in posterior pituitary gland
ADH and oxytocin
29
parathyroid hormone
- from parathyroid gland and releases the hormone when calcium levels are low in blood - it stimulates bone cells to break down bone materials in order to reabsorb calcium - Then increases blood calcium levels
30
adrenal glands. what are its inner and outer layer called
- located on top of kidneys inner: adrenal medulla outer: adrenal cortex
31
adrenal medulla
- short term response to stress - produces epinephrine and norepinephrine - sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) - increase blood pressure, breathing rate, heart rate, blood flow to heart and muscles, conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver
32
epinephrine/norepinephrine loop
1. short term stress 2. sympathetic nervous system 3. adrenal medulla (kidneys) releases epinephrine or norepinephrine 4. targets: body (heart, blood vessels, lungs, liver) 5. stress goes down
33
adrenal cortex
- long term stress - glucocorticoids increase blood sugar and mineral corticoids increase blood pressure - also increases small amount of male and female sex hormones (gonadocorticoids) - increase kidney reabsorption of sodium ions and water (increase BP) - protein and fat metabolism (release glucose) - inflammation reduced and immune cells repressed
34
what is the long term stress loop. whats another name for it which ties it what releases last
aldosterone 1. Hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotrophin hormone) which triggers anterior pituitary 2. anterior pituitary releases ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) which triggers adrenal cortex 3. adrenal cortex releases aldosterone 4. targets: kidneys/ nephron, raise blood Na+ levels, raise blood pressure 5. stress goes down
35
Cortisol
- synthesized from cholesterol - long term stress as well - raises blood glucose - breakdown muscle protein into amino acids, breakdown of fat cells - increased cortisol level causes negative feedback
36
what happens if high levels of cortisol
- impaired thinking, damaged heart, high BP, diabetes, cause early death
37
Cortisol loop
long term stress 1. hypothalamus secretes CRH which targets anterior pituitary gland 2. anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH which targets adrenal cortex 3. adrenal cortex releases cortisol 4. raise blood sugar levels, liver, muscle, fat, increase metabolism 5. high cortisol/ stress goes down
38
hormones of the pancreas
- secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine via pancreatic duct
39
aldosterone
stimulates distal tube and collecting ducts increasing absorption of Na+ into bloodstream - increasing sodium causes water to be reabsorbed as well raising BP
40
islets of langerhans
groups of endocrine cells that secrete hormones directly in the bloodstream
41
beta cells
- secrete INSULIN - decreases blood sugar - makes target cells more permeable to glucose, liver to convert glucose to glycogen, and adipose tissue to store fat
42
insulin loop
high blood sugar 1. pancreas releases insulin 2. targets: increase permeability of glucose in cells - liver converts glucose to glycogen to store it there 3. blood sugar lowers
43
alpha cells
- secretes GLUCAGON - increases blood sugar - stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose
44
diabetes mellitus
body does not produce enough or properly of insulin
45
hyperglycemia
high blood sugar does not have enough insulin to bring sugar down - body cell is impermeable to glucose and becomes starved of it
46
type 1 diabetes
- immune system produces antibodies that attack beta cells - cant produce insulin so blood glucose cant go down
47
type 2 diabetes
- develops gradually because insulin receptors stop responding to insulin - or insulin production decreases overtime - generally due to poor diet or lack of exercise
48
diabetes insipidus
- body fails to produce sufficient levels of ADH
49
the ADH loop
Dehydration 1. Posterior Pituitary releases ADH 2. allows more water reabsorption from the urine to the blood 3. hydrated
50
prolactin
hormone for breast feeding and milk production
51
FSH and LH
follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone - crucial for sexual reproduction - ovaries and testes
52
when does inhibition of a gland occur
- when hormone has reached its capacity/ increases too much that the amount is reached

Bio 30 (7 decks)

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