Chapter 13

Question 0

Chemo-

Answer 0

Energy derived from chemical rearrangement

Question 1

Catabolism

Answer 1

Breakdown of large molecules to a number of smaller ones, yielding energy

Question 2

Photo-

Answer 2

Energy derived from light absorption

Question 3

Organotrophy

Answer 3

Organic compounds donate electrons to yield energy

Question 4

Heterotrophy

Answer 4

Using preformed organic compounds for biosynthesis

Question 5

Lithotrophy

Answer 5

Gaining energy from inorganic electron donors such as metals (rock eaters)

Question 6

Anabolism

Answer 6

Biosynthesis, making new molecules

Question 7

Phototrophy

Answer 7

Gaining energy from light absorption and building biomass from CO2

Question 8

Auto-

Answer 8

CO2 fixing and assembled into organic molecules

Question 9

Three levels of metabolism classification (-trophy)

Answer 9

Carbon source (auto/Hetero)
Energy source (photo/chemo)
Electron source (litho/organo)

Question 10

Energy

Answer 10

Ability to do work

Question 11

Direction of a reaction can be predicted by looking at ________

Answer 11

Gibbs free energy change

Question 12

Gibbs free energy

Answer 12

Amount of energy available to do work

Question 13

Direction of reaction when free energy change is positive

Answer 13

Reverse

Question 14

Describe the relationship between free energy change and amount of biomass produced

Answer 14

Linear

Question 15

What two components make up the change in Gibbs free energy and how are they represented?

Answer 15

Enthalpy (delta H)

Entropy (delta S)

Question 16

Enthalpy

Answer 16

Heat energy absorbed or released a reactants become products at constant pressure.

Question 17

Positive delta H

Answer 17

Reactants absorb heat from surroundings

Question 18

Relationship between delta G, delta H, and delta S

Answer 18

Delta G= delta H - T delta S

Question 19

Do delta H driven reactions release heat or absorb heat?

Answer 19

Release heat

Question 20

Do TdeltaS dependent reactions release heat?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

Intrinsic properties of a reaction

Answer 21

Changes in delta H and delta S

Question 22

Syntrophy

Answer 22

Intimate metabolic relationship between two species

Question 23

Electron donor is a(n) __________ agent

Answer 23

Reducing

Question 24

Electron acceptor is a(n) __________ agent

Answer 24

Oxidizing

Question 25

A build up of NADH+ H+ leads to a lack of what?

Answer 25

NAD+

Question 26

Electrons from NADH+ H+ may enter _____

Answer 26

The ETS

Question 27

NADH+ H+ is mostly used in _____________________

Answer 27

Bio synthetic pathways

Question 28

NADH +H+ feeds ______ with ____________ and _____________

Answer 28

ETS with electrons and protons

Question 29

ATP stands for

Answer 29

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 30

ATP consists of

Answer 30

Nitrogen containing base adenine Ribose- 5 carbon sugar 3 inorganic phosphate groups attached in a series

Question 31

ATP always forms a complex with _____

Answer 31

Mg^2+

Question 32

Three ways ATP can transfer energy to cell processes

Answer 32

Hydrolysis releasing phosphate (P1) Hydrolysis releasing pyrophosphate (PP1) Phosphorylation of an organic molecule

Question 33

ATPs phosphide ester binds have large _______ of hydrolysis

Answer 33

Delta G<0

Question 34

When is substrate level phosphorylation used?

Answer 34

Crep cycle

Question 35

What happens in substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 35

A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to an -OH group of a recipient molecule

Question 36

What does ETS consist of?

Answer 36

Proteins and small organic molecules that undergo redox reactions and store energy in a hydrogen gradient

Question 37

What does FADH2 stand for?

Answer 37

Flavin adenine dinucleocide

Question 38

What is FADH2

Answer 38

Reducing equivalent to NADH

Question 39

ATP links ____________ and __________ reactions in the cell

Answer 39

Exergonic (catabolic) | Endergonic (anabolic)

Question 40

Enzymes are mostly ________ but some are _________

Answer 40

Proteins and RNA

Question 41

Enzymes act on ____________

Answer 41

Substrates

Question 42

Why are Siamese cats feet black?

Answer 42

Because the enzyme that makes them black on works in colder temps like the extremities

Question 43

Fermentation

Answer 43

Partial breakdown of organic food without ETS to an inorganic terminal electron receptor

Question 44

Respiration

Answer 44

Complete breakdown of organic molecules with electron transfer to a terminal electron receptor such as Ocygen

Question 45

Photo heterotrophs

Answer 45

Catabolism conducted with a boost from light | Occurs in marine and freshwater proks

Question 46

What is the first product in the entner duodoroff pathway?

Answer 46

Sugar acids

Question 47

Embden-meyerhoff-parnas

Answer 47

``` First stage- activation Second stage- generation of energy and reducing equivalents Net results- 2ATP, 2 NADH per glucose Starts with glucose 6 phosphate Ends with two pyruvates ```

Question 48

What does entner start and end with

Answer 48

Starts with glucose 6 phosphate that gets oxidize to a phosphorylation sygar acid. Ends with one ATP, NADH, and NADPH

Question 49

Pentose phosphate shunt

Answer 49

Starts with 6 phosphogluconate | Produces 1 ATP, 2 NADPH for biosynthesis

Question 50

Lactic fermentation

Answer 50

Produced 2 lac acid and 2 NAD

Question 51

Ethanolic fermentation

Answer 51

2 thanol, 2 CO2, regenerates 2 NAD

Question 52

Heterolactic fermentation

Answer 52

1 lac acid, 1 ethanol, 1 co2, 2 NAD

Question 53

Where does emp pathway occur

Answer 53

Cytoplasm

Question 54

Emp two stages

Answer 54

Glucose activation- 2 ATPs are expended Fructose is cleaved into two 3 carbon phosphate isomers Energy yielding stage- Produce 2 NADH 4 ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation

Question 55

Where does the TCA cycle occur in proks vs euks?

Answer 55

Proks - cytoplasm | Euks- mitochondria

Question 56

What does TCA cycle produce?

Answer 56

``` 3 NADH +H+ 1 FADH2 22 Co2 1 ATP (Per pyruvate. 2 pyruvate per glucose) ```

Question 57

ATP formation through ETS

Answer 57

38 in bacteria | 34 in euks

Question 58

Per pyruvate oxidized

Answer 58

3 co2 4 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP

Question 59

Overall process of ETS and ATP generation is called _________________________

Answer 59

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 60

When glucose is absent, cells catabolize acetate using _____________

Answer 60

Glyoxylate shunt

Question 61

Aromatic catabolism reduces benzoate to ___________

Answer 61

Catechols