Chapter 13 Flashcards by katlin W

Weather-

Atmospheric conditions w small geographic areas, over short time (hours, days)

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Climate

patterns of atmospheric conditions across large geographic regions over long periods of time (avg temp)

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Thermosphere

-top layer

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Inversión layer-

the band of air where temperature rises w altitude; dense cool air at bottom of layer resists mixing

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Outdoor (ambient) air pollution-

outdoor air; improved due to Govt policy (clean air act) in developed areas; developing areas have issues

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Natural source pollution-

fire generates soot and gases, wind sends large amounts of dust aloft and across oceans, volcanoes release particulate matter (sulfur dioxide)

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Non point sources-

More diffuse, consisting of many small widely spread sources

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Primary pollutants-

directly harmful or can react to form harmful substances

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Secondary pollutants-

form when primary pollutants react with constituents of the atmosphere

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Residence time-

The time a pollutant stays in the atmosphere

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Point sources-

Specific spots where large quantities of pollutants are charged

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China has worst air pollution in world from

burning fossil fuels, ppl smoke, cars

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Stagnant air-

air doesn’t flow well (no sea breeze

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Air is made of __% of nitrogen and __% oxygen

78% of nitrogen and 21% oxygen

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Troposphere-

bottom layer(11km(7 miles)); responsible for earths weather; air gets colder x altitude; where you find biological life

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Tropopause-

the boundary that limits mixing between troposphere and stratosphere

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Stratosphere

contains ozone layer; warmer w altitude

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Ozone layer-

blocks uv radiation; blocks 75% of harmful rays, radiation , and allows life (protects from cancer cataracts, eye issues)

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Mesosphere-

low air pressure; colder w altitude

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Human make pollution worse:

farming, grazing cause erosion, desertification; fire suppression leads to worse fires

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Montreal Protocol (1987)-

196 nations Agreed to cut CFC production in half by 1998

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Acid deposition-

The deposition of acid or acid forming pollutants from the air onto the earth surface; From automobiles; electric utilities; industrial facilities

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Acid rain-

precipitation containing acid; Includes rain, snow, sleet, hail

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Acid rain effects-

Leeches nutrients from topsoil, Changes soil chemistry, Converts toxic metal ions (aluminum, zinc, etc) into soluble forms that pollute water, affects surface water and kills fish, damages crops, Erode stone buildings, crowds cars, erases riding on tombstones

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)-

chemical in stratosphere that depletes ozone; stays in stratosphere for up to a century; found in air conditioning, fridge, aerosol

Scrubbers-

Chemically convert or physically remove pollutants before they leave smokestacks

Industrial smog-

burning of coal releases co2, co, soot, mercury, sulfur; sulfuric acid formed

Smog-

An unhealthy mixture of air pollutants over urban areas

What countries have bad air quality

China, India, and Ukraine have bad air quality

Photochemical smog-

Forms when sunlight drives a chemical reaction between primary pollutants and atmospheric compounds; formed in sunny areas around mountains

Ozone Depleting substance-

human made chemicals that destroy Ozone

Indoor air pollution-

In workplaces, schools, and homes; causes greater health effects and outdoor pollution; in poor developing nations that Burn wood, charcoal, dung, and crop wastes; in buildings with little to no ventilation

Clean Air Act (1963,1970,1990)

(federal)- funds research for pollution control; Set standards for air-quality limits on emissions; Allows citizens to sue parties violating the standards; Introduce a cap and trade program for sulfur dioxide

Due to clean air act, cars today

emit 75% less pollution than a pre-1970’s car; 72% of 6 air pollutants decreased bc of this

Ozone

Ozone found in lower stratosphere layer; absorbs the suns ultraviolet radiation

Biggest ozone hole located at

Biggest ozone hole located at Antarctica

Ozone hole-

Area w decreased Ozone levels

Radon

A radioactive gas resulting from natural decay of rock, soil, or water that can seep into buildings; Produced naturally underground

Areas that have a high level of air pollution is when they’re found in a

valley, a depressional area (usually where you have very stagnant air), areas w lots of concrete(buildings blocking air flow)

Human activity changing amount of some

gases (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone)

Greenhouse gases-

carbon dioxide, methane, ozone

EPA (federal)-

sets standards for emissions and pollutants

Natural ph of rain-

5.6ph

Ph of acid rain-

anything below 5.6ph

Burning fossil fuels produces

Acid rain

Two biggest indoor air pollutants in developing countries-

cigarette smoke and radon

Policies and regulations have lowered US omissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides __% since ____

Policies and regulations have lowered US omissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides 67% since 1989

____ has the world’s worst air pollution

China; coal burning, more cars, power plants, factories

Mark Twain

Mark Twain “climate is what we expect, weather is what we get.”

Thermal inversion-

a layer of cool air forms beneath warm air

Outdoor air pollution is getting worse in

developing nations

We stopped the Antarctic ozone hole from getting

worse- the ozone hole stopped growing, but it fluctuates

Precipitation

Rain

Outdoor air quality improved from

the Clean Air Act

Air pollution in

Mexico and Mexico City bc it’s very Poor there

Mexico City found in

A depressional area

Ozone is a _ gas

Greenhouse

William E. Dunn-

utilities director at the place and named the water reclamation facility after him

Berdenpho stands for

Bar-James Barnard Den- denitrofication Fo- phosphorus

First thing you see when you walk in facility(smells most) (only one smells)

Headworks

Plant should smell ____________.

Earthy

What does it mean if foam is discolored?

There is a problem

_________________ is where raw from system flows in (first thing the sewage goes through)

Headworks

Catches large items that go through headworks(filters Debris).

Barscreens

Grip removal units | Spins at 1.5 feet/sec

GRU

Shoots with water to separate

Classifier

Cleans Raw flow

Preliminary treatment

What does preliminary treatment consist of?

Headworks, GRU, classifier

Where does the plant service?

Services from Dale Mabry to Tarpon

What are the 5 stages of the Bardenpho system?

``` Fermentation 1st anoxic oxidation ditch 2nd anoxic reaeration ```

Devoid of DO; stress bacteria that release/remove phosphorus

Fermentation

Spends/slaps top of water to force oxygen in; higher DO where slapped than bottom

Oxidation ditch | Denitrofication

Very little DO, but combined oxygen; with nitrogen

1st Anoxic (Denitrofication) (nitrate with oxygen connected) (Nitrofication)

Catches nitrogen missed, doesn’t completely denitrify because it’ll ferment

2nd Anoxic

Shot of air to release nitrogen gas and freshen

Reaeration

The plant’s job is to get rid of _________________ & ______________ in water

Phosphorus and nitrogen

Towards the end of the system, __________________ is mixed with raw.

Sludge

The plant does very little with _________________, instead mix with activated sludge

Chemicals

5 stage system

1)fermentation- devoid of DO; stress bacteria that release/remove phosphorus 2)first anoxic 3) 4)second anoxic 5)

Organisms that eat/release phosphorus(adsorbing + absorbing more phosphorus then released an oxidation ditch)

Phosphorus accumulating organisms(PAO’s)

The water has less than 1mg _____________ and less than 2mg/1 of _____________ when it leaves their system.

Phosphorus | Nitrogen

(6 clarifiers) paddles push sludge to center, Draws out solids from bottom

Final clarification

What is the difference between Return Activated Sludge(RAS) and Waste Activated Sludge(WAS)?

Same material, just where it goes

How many gallons of sludge goes through the plant per day?

6.5 million gallons of affluent/day (permitted for 9) 24/7 facility

5 apes

Gimpin, bonobo, chimp orangutan, gorilla

4 out of 5 ape species will be extinct in about

10 years

Sanctuary has been open since

1948

Aligators were going extinct in _ but their population is now

1960; over 14 mil

Only _% of monkeys have been in homes at sanctuary

Only to in-service at a time

2-ton tins with regulators

Chlorine gas and water are used to_________________.

Disinfect

Water will have at least 1mg of chlorine when it leaves the plant, but generally has ______.

3mg

____________ kills pathogens.

Chlorine

If it goes under 1.1 mg chlorine, they will _________________.

Reject it

There are 64,000,000 gallons in the _____________ pond.

Reuse

Reject pond goes where?

Back through system process

Does the plant take in surface water discharge?

Water from the plant goes where?

Lawns, golf courses, etc.

The plant is permitted by?

Florida DEP

How many gallons of water can leave facility?

22 million

Who carelessly uses water the most?

Homeowners

Certain ________________ need to be met before leaving facility.

Parameters

Take samples over 24 hour period (takes one every night, 3rd shift) packed in ice

Composite sample

Pull and use right away

Grab sample

How much turbidity is considered too high for the plant?

5, but they reject at 3.5

How long is the water rejected for?

It is rejected for a minimum of 65 minutes

How many doctors and dentists are at the SPS Sanctuary

17 doctors; 3 dentists

Monkeys have _ great apes do not

Tails

Chapter 13 Flashcards

(108 cards)