Chapter 8 Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
What species dominates all other life forms?
A
Insects
2
Q
How many ecosystems are in the state of Florida?
A
81 ecosystems
3
Q
Nature deficit disorder
A
Disassociation with nature (inside day in/day out)
4
Q
Extinction
A
Last member of species to die.
5
Q
What percentage of all species that have ever lived are extinct?
A
99%
6
Q
_____ mass extinctions were in the past _____ years.
A
5; 440 million
7
Q
ESA stands for what and what year was it founded
A
Endangered Species Act; 1973
8
Q
Endangered
A
At risk of going extinct
9
Q
Threatened
A
At risk of being endangered
10
Q
Species of Special Concern
A
At risk of being threatened
11
Q
Nonnative species
A
Species not native to area introduced accidentally or purposely.
12
Q
Occurs when the last member of a species dies and the species ceases to exist
A
Extinction
13
Q
The disappearance of a population from a given area but not the entire species globally
A
Extirpation (local extinction)
14
Q
Over time, ____________________ can lead to extinction.
A
Extirpation
15
Q
Biodiversity’s benefits go beyond _________________.
A
Economics
16
Q
- Humans love nature and have an emotional bond with other living things.
- our affinity for parks and wildlife, our love for pets
- our interest in hiking, birdwatching, fishing, hunting, backpacking
A
Biophilia
17
Q
__________________ is a vital source of income for many nations.
A
Ecotourism
18
Q
Biodiversity boosts economies through ___________________ and ___________________.
A
Tourism and recreation
19
Q
Ecotourism for Costa Rica?
A
Rainforests
20
Q
Ecotourism for Australia?
A
Great barrier reef
21
Q
Ecotourism for Belize?
A
Reefs, caves, and rainforests
22
Q
Ecotourism for the US?
A
National parks
23
Q
Ecotourism for Kenya and Tanzania?
A
Savanna wildlife
24
Q
Ecotourism is a powerful incentive to preserve natural areas and reduce impacts on ________________ and _______________.
A
Wildlife and landscapes
25
But too many _______________ can damage natural assets.
Visitors
26
People value _________________ with nature.
Connections
27
Alienation from biodiversity and nature damages childhood development.
“Nature deficit disorder”
| Richard Louv, 2005 book
28
Nature deficit disorder may lie behind many _________________ and _____________________ challenges young people in developed nations face today.
Emotional and psychological
29
_________________ is a natural process that occurs very slowly.
Extinction
30
99% of all species that ever lived are now ___________________.
Extinct
31
Background extinction rate
- natural extinctions
- For mammal or marine species, each year ______ species out of every 1 to 10,000,000 goes extinct.
1
32
We are setting the _______ mass extinction in motion.
6th
33
The current extinction rate is ___________ to ___________ times greater than the background rate.
100 to 1,000
34
The current extinction rate is due to ________________________ and ___________________________.
Human population growth and resource consumption
35
Red list by the union for conservation of nature
- Species facing high risks of extinction
- 2014 red list reported
```
______________ species(22%)
______________ species(13%)
______________ species(31%)
______________ species(20%)
```
Mammal, bird, amphibian, fish
36
In the last 500 years, 236 ___________________ and 30 ___________________ species have gone extinct in the United States.
(Actual numbers are higher)
Animal and plant
37
(several major causes of biodiversity loss stand out)
________________ loss is the greatest cause of biodiversity loss.
Habitat
38
(several major causes of biodiversity loss stand out)
Humans alter, degrade, and destroy habitats...
- farming simplifies communities
- grazing modifies grassland structure and composition
- clearing forests removes resources organisms need
- dams turnovers into reservoirs
- Urban sprawl replaces natural ecosystems
Causes of Habitat loss
39
Earth has had___________ mass extinctions in the past 440 million years.
5
40
Each of our mass extinction events eliminated at least _________% of all species.
50%
41
______________________ are causing the 6th extinction event.
Humans
42
Who will suffer as a result of eradicating 50% of all species?
We will
43
___________________ have driven hundreds of species to extinction in the past few centuries.
Humans
44
What do all of these birds have in common?
- Carolina parakeet
- Great auk
- Labrador duck
- passenger pigeon
- Bachman’s warbler
- Eskimo curlew
- possibly the Ivory-billed woodpecker
North American birds that are now extinct
45
What do all of the species have in common?
- whooping crane
- Kirtland’s warbler
- California condor
Species that teeter on the brink of extinction
46
(On test)
Gradual, piecemeal degradation, and loss of habitat(farming, login, roads, etc.)
Continuous habitats are broken into patches
Corridors link fragmented habitats, allowing animals to travel from one to another
Habitat fragmentation
47
(On test)
What are the four steps of habitat fragmentation?
1. Original habitat
2. Gaps form as habitat becomes fragmented
3. Gaps become larger; fragments become smaller and more isolated
4. Species disappear do to habitat fragmentation
48
(Several major causes of Biodiversity loss stand out)
How does pollution harm organisms?
Air pollution degrades forest ecosystems
Noise and light interfere with behavior and habitat use of animals
Water pollution impairs fish and amphibians
Agricultural runoff (fertilizers, pesticides, sediments) harms terrestrial and aquatic species
Toxins, garbage, oil, and chemicals impact organisms
(damage to wildlife and ecosystems caused by pollution can be substantial but it is less damaging than habitat loss)
49
(several major causes of biodiversity loss stand out)
_______________ species that are long lived and slow to reproduce.
```
African elephants(tusks for Ivory)
African rhinoceroses(horns)
Asian tigers(body parts)
African gorillas and primates(bush meat)
Whales
Sharks(fins for soup)
```
Government passed laws, sign treaties, and strength an anti-poaching efforts.
Overharvesting
50
Invasive species cause biodiversity loss
___________________ of non-native species to new areas.
- Accidental: zebra mussels, exotic pets, wreds
- Intentional: food crops, exotic pets, plants
Invaders lack _________________, ________________,
or __________________.
-displace native species
Introduction
predators, parasites, competitors
51
(Several major causes of biodiversity loss stand out)
________________Manipulation of earth’s climate has global impacts on biodiversity
____________________ of greenhouse gases warm temperatures.
- modifies global climate patterns
- increases the frequency of extreme weather events
Increased stress forces organisms to shift their ______________________ ranges.
- many species will not be able to adapt
- A temperature increase of 1.5 to 2.5°C threatens 20 to 30% of species with extinction
Human
Emission
Geographical
52
(A mix of causes threatens many species)
_____________________ collapse of amphibians
- entire populations of frogs, turtles, and salamanders are vanishing
- Over 40% of 7200 known species of amphibians are in decline and 30% are threatened.
- At least 170 species studied just a few years or decades ago are extinct.
Worldwide
53
Devoted to understanding factors, forces, and processes that influence a loss, protection, and restoration of biological diversity.
An applied and goal oriented science
Has implicit values and ethical standards
Researchers integrate evolution and ecology as they use field in lab data, theory, and experiments to study our impacts on organisms
Conservation biology
54
Study the effects of loss of genetic variation. (such as inbreeding depression)
Conservation geneticists
55
How small a population can become before it runs into problems
Small populations are most vulnerable to extinction and need special attention
Minimum viable population size
56
To determine how likely that a population will persist one face with habitat change or other threats
Scientists study species dispersal and gene flow
57
The primary legislation for protecting biodiversity in the US
Forbids the government and citizens from taking actions that destroy endangered or threatened species as well as their habitats
Forbids trading in products made from these species
Aim is to prevent extinction, stabilize declining population’s, and enable populations to recover
In 2014, recovery plans were in place for 75% of the 1189 endangered and 328 threatened species in the US
Endangered species act (ESA)(1973)
58
(International Treaties promote conservation)
U.N. convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (cities)(1973)
Protects endangered species by banning international transport of their body parts
59
(endangered species are focus of conservation efforts)
______________________________ has saved her stabilized species
- 40% of declining population’s have been stabilized
- bald eagle, peregrine falcon, and brown pelican have been removed from the endangered list
Intensive management
60
(endangered species are focus of conservation efforts)
ESA is ________________________.
-most Americans support protecting endangered species
-opponents feel that the ESA values endangered organisms more than the livelihood of people
—protection will restrict land-use and cost jobs,
—“shoot, shovel, and shut up”,
—Landowners conceal the presence of endangered species on their land
—But ESA has stopped few development projects
-Habitat conservation plans and safe harbor agreements
—landowners are allowed to take actions that harm species if they improve habitat for the species and other places
Controversial
61
Captive breeding
Individuals are bred and raised so they can be re-introduced into the wild.
62
In cloning, DNA from an _______ __________ is inserted into an __________
Endangered species; egg without a nucleus from a closely related species
63
Forensic Science
Analyzes evidence to identify or answer questions relating to a crime
64
How do conservation scientists use forensics to save a species?
Conservation scientists use forensics to protect species at risk from illegal harvesting
65
Detecting illegal activity...
Help enforce laws protecting wildlife
66
Biodiversity Hotspots
An international approach oriented around geographic regions
67
Endemic Species
Species found nowhere else in the world
68
Biodiversity Hotspots must have...
At least 1500 endemic plant species (0.5% of world total); lost 70% of habitat as a result of humans
69
How many biodiversity Hotspots are there?
34
70
What percentage of land surface contains ______ of all plant species and _____ of all terrestrial vertebrae species
2.3%; 50%; 42%
71
Parks and protected areas conserve ____ at the ______
Biodiversity; ecosystem level
72
What percentage Of the worlds area is in parks, wilderness, reserves, etc.
13%
73
Developing nations ______ conservationists from developed nations trying to preserve areas.
Often do not support
74
Community-based conservation
Offers education, health care and development aid
People are retrained to protect species
Local resources can be sustainably managed
Biologists partner with people to protect land and wildlife
75
Biodiversity is _______, threatening ______
Being lost rapidly and visibly; the sixth mass extinction
76
Conservation biologists today are conducting research to guide efforts
Help save endangered species, protect their habitats, restore populations, and preserve/restore natural ecosystems
77
Humans can’t function without
Biodiversity’s benefit and
78
Primary causes of biodiversity loss
Habitat alteration, pollution, over harvesting, invasive species, and climate change
79
Biodiversity
Variety of life and at all levels of organization (ie species diversity, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity)
80
Species Diversity
The number/variety of species in a particular region
81
Species
A ser of individuals that share certain characteristics and can interbreed producing fertile offspring
82
Richness
| Ever ness
Number of species; the extent of which species differ in number of individuals
83
Genetic Diversity
Encompasses differences in DNA among individuals
84
Ecosystem diversity
The number and variety of ecosystems (aka community/habitat diversity
Includes habitats, communities, or ecosystems at the landscape level
85
Out of estimated _ to _ million species on Earth, only _ million have been described
3; 10; 1.9
86
The most widely accepted number of species is _ million
14
87
Industrial agriculture ______
Has narrowed our diet
88
What percentage of our food comes from _ crop and _ livestock species
90%; 15; 8
89
Wild strains provide _
Disease resistance
90
Many drugs come from
Wild plants
91
Drugs from wild plants _
Treat cancer, stomach disorders, motion sickness, etc
92
Wild species produce up to $_ billion/yr of drugs that save lives
150
93
Biodiversity provides what ecosystem services
```
Provides food, fuel, and shelter
Purifies air and water
Detoxifies/decomposes waste
Stabilizes climate
Moderates floods/droughts/temp.
Cycles nutrients/renews soil fertility
Pollinates plants
Controls pests and disease
Maintains genetic resources
Provides cultural/aesthetic benefits
Allows us to adapt to change
```
94
Florida is _ in nation for honey bees
3rd
95
How many registered bee keepers are in the state of Fl
3000
96
How many bee inspectors are in Fl
3
97
Pollinators are responsible for
1/3 of all food in grocery stores
98
Products of hive
```
Honey
Prepolis
Wax
Pollen
Bee venom
Mead
```
99
There are around _ -_ bees in a hive in spring/summer and _-_bees in hive in winter/fall
40,000;60,000;15,000;
| 30,000
100
#1 in ecotourism
Costa Rica
101
Biophilia
Love for plants
102
Nurse bee
Takes care of hive
103
What do bees transport pollen in?
In basket hairs behind hind legs
104
1 lb of wax makes __ lbs of honey
18
