Chapter 13: Integumentary System Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What system consists of all the basic tissues as well as special structures that are derivatives of the external covering?
A
integumentary system
2
Q
What is one of the largest organs of the body includes the epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, digital organs (hoof, claw), and a wide variety of specialized glandular structures.
A
integument or skin
3
Q
In the regions where there is an increase amount of wear, tear, and abrasion, the epidermis is thick. These are the ? regions. Generally, skin is thickest over the dorsal surface of the body and on the lateral surfaces of the limbs.
A
thick skin
4
Q
What type of skin has hairs and covers the remainder of the body. In these regions, the epidermis is thinner and cellular composition is simpler than in the thick skin. The skin is thinnest on the ventral side of the body and medial surfaces of the limbs.
A
Thin skin
5
Q
What is the outermost layer of the skin composed of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It is avascular receiving nourishment from vessels in the underlying dermis.
A
epidermis
6
Q
What layer of epidermis composed of single layer of cuboidal cells, attached to the basement membrane?
A
Stratum basale or stratum germinativum
7
Q
Its content increases as these cells approach the stratum corneum, where it constitutes about 50% of their total proteins.
A
Cytokeratin
8
Q
What layer of epidermis is located peripheral to the basal layer. It varies in thickness and characterize by the apparent intercellular bridges
A
Stratum spinosum or parabasal layer
9
Q
The term intermediate layer is applicable to this zone.
A
Stratum granulosum
10
Q
What layer of epidermis is interposed between stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum. It is a narrow, acidophilic, translucent band of keratinocytes whose nuclei, organelles, and intercellular borders are not visible. Keratohyaline granules are no longer visible, but a substance called eleidin is present.
A
Stratum lucidum
11
Q
What layer of epidermis is the outermost layer; consist of several layers of many dead, platelike, anucleated keratinocytes with thickened plasma membranes.
A
Stratum corneum
12
Q
Stratum corneum is the outermost layer; consist of several layers of many dead, platelike, anucleated keratinocytes with thickened plasma membranes. Lined by squamos, cornified (keratinized) cells with abundant fibrous protein called ?, a birefringent schleroprotein consisting of at least six polypeptides.
A
keratin
13
Q
the most dominant epithelial cells in the epidermis, divide, grow, undergo keratinization, and form a protective cell covering for the body. It is responsible for the production of keratin, an insoluble protein that fills the cells of the stratum corneum.
A
Keratinocytes
14
Q
What type of cells found in the epidermis of the skin are located at the basal layer of the epidermis, synthesize the pigment melanin, which is then incorporated into keratinocytes.
A
Melanocytes
15
Q
What imparts the dark color of the skin and exposure of the skin to sunlight promotes increased synthesis of?
A
Melanin
16
Q
What type of cells found in the epidermis of the skin are epidermal cells that participate in the body’s immune responses and play an important role in the skin immunological reactions. They appear as clear cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum. The presence of racket-shaped granules (Birbeck granules) is the distinguishing characteristics of this cell type.
A
Langerhans cells (agranular dendritic cells)
17
Q
What type of cells found in the epidermis of the skin are small in number, found in the epidermis of the tactile elevations or dome corpuscles of many species. Although they contain numerous granules, their exact function is not known.
A
Merkel cells (tactile epithelioid cells)
18
Q
What is deeper, thicker and the more vascular layer of the skin separated from the epidermis by a typical basement membrane. It is a feltwork of collagen, elastic and reticular connective tissue fibers.
A
dermis (corium)
19
Q
What layer of dermis is in contact with the epidermis and conforms to the contour of the stratum basale?
A
Superficial (papillary) layer
20
Q
The projections of superficial layer of dermis called? interdigitate with the epidermal ridges, increasing the area of contact.
A
dermal papillae
21
Q
The tips of the dermal papillae contain encapsulated touch receptors called?
A
Meissner’s corpuscles
22
Q
What layer of the dermis is much more coarse and dense than the superficial layer and contains large bundles of collagen fibers aligned parallel to the surface.
A
Deep (reticular) layer
23
Q
What is a layer of connective tissue that anchors the dermis to the underlying muscle or bone?
A
subcutis (tela subcutanea)
24
Q
Adipose tissue is present in subcutis and may take the form of small clusters of cells or large masses that make up a cushion or pad of fat, called the?
A
panniculus adiposus
25
What covers the entire body with the exception of the footpad, hoof, glans penis, muco-cutaneous junctions and the teats in some species
hair
26
The structures in the skin that form hairs and maintain their growth are called? It is formed by growth of the ectoderm into the underlying mesoderm of the embryo.
hair follicle
27
What is a layer of condensed connective tissue oriented circumferentially around the hair follicle, including the bulb. It extends along the follicle to the surface, where it blends into the looser papillary dermis.
Connective tissue sheath
28
a glassy membrane that separates the connective tissue from the epithelium of the hair follicle.
Basement membrane
29
What part of hair follicle surrounds the internal root sheath and is essentially a continuation of strata basale, spinosum and granulosum of the epidermis.
External root sheath
30
What is the layer of hair follicle closest to the hair shaft that extends from the bulb to the level of the sebaceous gland ducts. At this point, the soft keratin-filled cells are shed into the follicular canal. It is the downward continuation of the stratum corneum.
Internal root sheath
31
What layers of the internal root sheath consists of a single layer of translucent, keratinized, flattened to cuboidal cells resembling the epidermal stratum lucidum.
Henle’s layer (Pale epithelial layer, Outer)
32
What layers of the internal root sheath consists one to three layers of keratinized, low cuboidal cells that contain trichohyalin granules.
Huxley’s layer (Granular epithelial layer, Middle)
33
an innermost single layer of cornified, flat cells of internal root sheath separated from the hair shaft only by the follicular canal. It is formed by overlapping keratinized cells similar to those of the cuticle of the hair, except the free edges are oriented in the opposite direction or toward the hair bulb. This arrangement results in a solid implantation of the hair root in the hair follicle.
Cuticle layer (Inner)
34
What type of hair follicle is one of large diameter, rooted deep in the dermis, and is usually associated with sebaceous and sweat glands and an arrector muscle.
Primary hair follicle
35
The hair that emerges from such primary hair follicle is called?
primary hair
36
What hair follicle is smaller in diameter than a primary follicle, and the root is near the surface. It may have a sebaceous gland but lacks sweat gland and an arrector muscle.
Secondary hair follicle
37
Hairs from secondary hair follicles are called?
secondary hair, or underhairs
38
What are those follicles with one hair emerging to the surface?
Single or simple follicles
39
What follicles are composed of clusters of several hair follicles located in the dermis?
Compound follicles
40
What hair follicle of the head are highly specialized for tactile sense. They are very large single follicles characterized by a blood-filled annular sinus between the inner and outer layer of the dermal sheath.
Sinus Hair Follicles (tactile hair follicles)
41
Which animals have single hair follicles evenly distributed in the body?
42
Which animal have single follicles grouped in clusters (hair beds) of two to four follicles with three being the most common?
Pigs
43
Which animal have compound follicle consisting of single long primary hair and group of smaller secondary underhairs. As many as 15 hairs may emerge from a single opening in the skin. The compound follicles appear in clusters (hair beds) of three, with the center one slightly larger.
Dogs
44
Which animal consist of single large primary (guard) hair follicle surrounded by clusters (hair beds) of two to five compound follicles. In each compound follicle, there are three coarse primary hairs and 6 to 12 fine or secondary hairs.
Cats
45
Which animal have primary follicles that occur in groups of three, with 3 to 6 secondary follicles associated with each group.
Goats
46
Which animal has hair-growing regions such as the face, the distal part of the limbs, and the pinna of the ear; and has wool-growing regions that cover most of the body. The hair-growing regions contain mostly single follicles, whereas the densely covered wool-growing regions have large numbers of compound follicles. The follicle clusters contain three primary follicles and a number of secondary follicles.
Sheep
47
The hair or fleece of sheep is referred to as?
fibers
48
What fibers are tightly crimp fibers of small diameter without a medulla?
Wool fibers
49
What fibers are coarse with a characteristic medulla?
Kemp fibers
50
What fibers are of intermediate size relative to wool and kemp?
Coarse fibers
51
The part within the follicle is the root, which has a terminal hollow knob, the?
hair bulb
52
The part within the follicle is the root, which has a terminal hollow knob, the hair bulb, attached to the?
dermal papilla
53
The cells covering the dermal papillae and composing most of the hair bulbs are the?
hair matrix cells
54
What keratin passes to a keratohyaline phase; cells have high lipid content and low sulfur content; and they desquamate when they reach the surface.
Soft keratin
55
the keratinocytes do not go through a keratohyaline phase; have a low lipid content and high sulfur content; and do not desquamate and characteristic of hair, horn and feather.
Hard keratin
56
The innermost layer of root sheath, next to the hair root, is the?
internal epithelial root sheath
57
The distal free part of the hair above the surface of the skin is the?
hair shaft
58
the outermost layer of hair shaft, formed by a single layer of flat keratinized cells whose free edges overlap like a shingles of a roof; directed toward the distal end of the shaft.
Cuticle
59
What layer of hair shaft consists of a layer of densely packed keratinized cells with their long axes parallel to the hair shaft?
Cortex
60
What forms the center of the hair loosely filled with cuboidal or flattened cells. In the root, it is solid; in the shaft, air-filled spaces occur among the cells.
Medulla
61
Extending from the connective tissue around the hair follicle to the papillary dermis is a bundle of smooth muscle called?
arrector pili muscle
62
The contraction of arrector pili muscle bundle erects the hair shaft, depresses the skin where it inserts, and produces a small bump on the skin often called a?
“goose bump”
63
What gland always accompanies hairs and is located between the arrector pili muscle and the hair follicle
sebaceous gland
64
sebaceous gland secretory product is called?
sebum
65
What glands are widely distributed into the skin, are subdivided into two types: the eccrine (or merocrine) and apocrine. It is a simple coiled tubular gland extensively developed in horse and man and is absent in birds.
sweat glands
66
What sweat glands are simple, coiled tubular glands.
- Adenomeres are arranged as a glomus (tuft or ball)
- Their secretory portion is found deep within the connective tissue of the dermis, from which a coiled excretory duct leads to the surface of the skin.
- The secretory product consists primarily of water and some sodium salts, ammonia, uric acid, and urea. The main function of the sweat is to assist the body in regulating the core temperature.
- Surrounding the secretory cells of the sweat gland are myoepithelial cells, whose contraction expels the secretion (sweat) from the sweat glands.
- The secretions are released via exocytosis (merocrine secretion).
Eccrine sweat glands (merocrine, atrichial)
67
What cells are pyramidal cells without secretory granules and their bases do not reach the basal lamina?
Clear cells
68
What cells contain secretory granules and their basal plasma membranes are in contact with the basal lamina?
Dark (mucoid) cells
69
What sweat glands have a limited distribution in the skin, limited primarily in the axillary, anal and areolar breast regions of the body. What sweat glands are generally larger than eccrine sweat glands and their ducts open into the hair follicle.
Apocrine sweat glands
70
What major part of external ear consists of a flat perforated plate of elastic cartilage and the attached auricular muscles.
- Covered on both sides by thin skin containing sweat glands and hair follicles.
- The convex surface of the ear has more hair follicles per unit area than the thinner concave surface.
Auricula
71
Which major part of the external ear is described as having a lumen that is irregular in contour due to permanent skin folds with fatty central cores?
External auditory canal
72
The combination of sebum with ceruminous gland secretion and the desquamating stratified squamos epithelium forms the?
cerumen or earwax
73
What protects the eyeball and aid in maintaining a moist surface?
eyelids
74
Special hairs, called the ?, are numerous in the upper lids of all species except the cat
eyelashes
75
What is a mucous membrane on the inner surface of the eyelids?
Palpebral conjunctiva
76
What gland is the most characteristic feature of the eyelids, which are better developed in the upper lid. They are multilobular sebaceous glands with a central duct that open onto the palpebral surface at the margin of the eyelid. It is surrounded by a compact layer of collagen fibers, the tarsal plate.
Tarsal gland
77
an apocrine sweat gland, open cranially to the tarsal gland and near the eyelashes. The terminal portions are only slightly coiled and the lumina are more dilated.
Ciliary glands
78
What penetrate the eyelid, and as well as scattered bundles of smooth muscle fibers?
Orbicularis oculi
79
What sinus of sheep, medial and cranial to the eye, is lined with thin skin that contains few hairs but large sebaceous glands that form a continuous layer around the sinus. A few apocrine sweat glands are located peripherally.
infraorbital sinus
80
What is the anatomical term for the thick, keratinized epidermal structure on the nose of dogs and cats that contains distinct elevations and grooves used for identification by nose printing?
Planum nasale
81
What is the anatomical structure in pigs that has fine hairs sparsely distributed over the surface and many well-developed merocrine sweat glands?
Planum rostrale
82
Which anatomical structure in large ruminants and small ruminants has no hair follicles but contains a large merocrine gland with intercellular secretory canaliculi?
Planum nasolabiale (in large ruminants) / Planum nasale (in small ruminants)
83
What organ of pigs is a large, spherical mass of apocrine glands located midway between the jaws behind the angle of the chin?
mental organ
84
What organ of cat located in the inter-mandibular space is composed of sebaceous gland lobules, each containing a central collecting space. The lobules are surrounded by skeletal muscle. The fatty excretion collects in a sebum-filled depression.
submental organ
85
What glands of pigs are large accumulations of merocrine sweat glands on the medial surface of the carpus. They open to the skin surface through three to five diverticula, lined with stratified squamos epithelium
carpal glands
86
What sinus of sheep is located between the digits just above the hoofs. It opens at the dorsal tip of the interdigital space, lined by stratified squamos epithelium and the dermis contains a scattering hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
interdigital sinus
87
interdigital sinus of sheep is located between the digits just above the hoofs. It opens at the dorsal tip of the interdigital space, lined by stratified squamos epithelium and the dermis contains a scattering hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The deep part of the wall is filled with large apocrine glands, with blebs of cytoplasm projecting from the surface of the epithelial cells. These are collectively referred to as the?
interdigital glands
88
What sinus of sheep is a cutaneous diverticulum in the inguinal region of both sexes. The skin contains scattered small hair follicles and well-developed sebaceous glands. It has an exceeding large coiled apocrine gland. Elastic lamina from the abdominal tunic is attached to the skin in the deepest portion of the sinus.
inguinal sinus
89
What skin is thinner than on other parts of the body. The amount of pigment varies with species and breed. Short fine hair is characteristic of all species.
scrotal skin
90
What is a unique layer of smooth muscle and fibloelastic connective tissue associated with the dermis of the scrotum?
Tunica dartos
91
What are cutaneous diverticula located between the internal and external anal sphincters?
anal sacs or perianal sinuses (sinus paranales)
92
What gland are present in dog, cat and pig.
- Modified tubuloalveolar sweat glands that occupy the submucosa of the columnar and intermediate zones of the anal canal and open into the anus.
- Secretes lipid material in dogs while mucous in pigs.
- Associated with the diffuse lymphatic tissue and nodules.
Anal glands
93
What are lobulated, modified sebaceous glands located in the dermis and subcutaneous muscles of the zona cutanea of the anus. They are clinically important because they rank third in frequency as the site of all canine tumors.
circumanal glands
94
What types of cell present in the circumanal glands are cuboidal with little eosinophilic cytoplasm and a deep staining basophilic nucleus?
Basal or peripheral cells
95
What types of cell present in the circumanal glands have granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and make up the main mass of each lobule.
Light polyhedral cells and Dark polyhedral cells
96
What located in an oval circumscribed area on the dorsum of the tail in dog and cat, is an accumulation of well-developed sebaceous glands that empty into single hair follicles. The secretion is a waxy substance that may cause a matting of the hair of the region especially if the glands are overactive
supracaudal gland
97
What glands are specialized skin or organs derived embryonically by the invagination of the ectodermal buds into the underlying mesoderm. In the female, growth rate is increased following puberty as a result of cyclic hormonal stimulation. With the onset of pregnancy, growth is greatly accelerated and reaches its greatest development during the lactation period shortly after parturition. In the male, rudimentary mammary glands are present and consist of few primary and secondary ducts embedded in fat.
Mammary glands
98
Which part of excretory system of the mammary gland is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium?
Secretory tubule (intralobular duct)
99
Which part of excretory system of the mammary gland is nonsecretory, the primary excretory duct of the lobule, lined by simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium?
Lobular duct
100
Which part of excretory system of the mammary gland is the primary excretory duct of the lobe, lined by stratified columnar epithelium. It may expand and serve as storage area for milk.
Lobar duct
101
Which part of excretory system of the mammary gland is a common chamber at the base of each quarter of the udder separated from the teat sinus or teat cistern by a slight constriction or annulus. It is lined by stratified columnar epithelium.
Gland sinus (gland cistern or lactiferous sinus)
102
Which part of excretory system of the mammary gland is continuous with the outside via the streak canal, lined by stratified columnar epithelium?
Teat sinus (teat cistern)
103
What is the name of the structure that serves as the passage at the end of the teat, lined internally and externally by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, and has longitudinal folds known as the rosette of Furstenberg?
Streak canal (papillary duct, teat canal)
104
This avian intugument is quite thin, loose and dry without stratum lucidum.
Epidermis
105
This avian intugument is composed of fine collagenous fibers, not well-developed papillary region and with an extensive lymphoid tissue.
Dermis
106
This avian intugument are of epidermal origin and like the mammalian hair, develop within a follicle.
Feathers
107
This gland of avian intugument is the only cutaneous gland that occurs in birds and is especially well-developed in aquatic species. It consists of numerous sebaceous adenomeres that continue into a common duct or sinus and empty in the surface on a common papilla.
Urophygial gland (oil or preen gland)
108
What is the keratinized portion of the digital organ and is composed of three main parts: The wall, sole and frog.
equine/soliped hoof
109
What part of equine hood is the portion visible when the foot is placed on the ground?
Wall (paries)
110
What layer of equine’s hoof wall is a thin layer of soft, flaky horn that originates from the germinal layers of the epidermis of the periople (epidermis limbi), a roll of modified skin just above the secondary coronary border of the hoof.
Stratum externum (periople epidermis, tectorium)
111
What layer of equine’s hoof wall is the coronary epidermis underlain by the coronary corium, consists of tubular and intertubular horn and is the main supportive structure of the wall.
Stratum medium
112
What layer of equine’s hoof wall consists of approximately 600 primary, vertically oriented, keratinized laminae extending inward from the stratum medium with which they are continuous.
Stratum internum (laminar epidermis, lamellatum)
113
The interdigitation between the non-pigmented wall laminae with the pigmented tubular and intertubular horn of the sole is called?
white zone
114
What epidermal lamina are part of the stratum corneum (hard keratin) produced by stratum germinativum located between the proximal ends of the dermal laminae at the deep edge of the coronary groove.
Primary epidermal lamina (insensitive lamina)
115
What epidermal lamina is composed of stratum germinativum that is only partially keratinized?
Secondary epidermal lamina (sensitive lamina)
116
What forms the greatest part of the ventral surface of the equine’s foot?
Sole (solea)
117
Frog (cuneus ungulae) is wedge-shaped mass medial and caudal to the equine’s sole?
Frog (cuneus ungulae)
118
What intigument of dogs and cats are shields of hard keratin curved in both directions, which cover the distal phalanges?
claws
119
What part of claw covers the coronary corium and the wall corium. It is thickest in the area of the dorsal ridge and gradually thins out along the side.
Wall or claw plate
120
What part of claw has a thick epidermis and produces a softer, more flaky form of keratin than that of the wall. A stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum are present.
Sole
121
What is a fold of skin, similar to the periople of the hoof that covers the claw plate for a short distance on its dorsal and lateral margins.
claw fold
122
What hairless pads of the dog and cat are similar in structure with exception of the surface, which is smooth in the cat but roughened by horny conical papillae in the dog.
digital pads
123
What horny protuberances, the supracarpal and tarsal chestnuts on the medial surface of the limbs and the ergot at the flexion of the fetlocks, are considered to be vestiges of the first, second and fourth digits?
Chestnut and ergot
124
What integument of ruminant species are composed of a hard keratinized epidermis, a dermis, and a subcutis, all of which form the covering of the cornual process of the frontal bone.
Horns
125
A thin, outermost layer of soft keratin, called the /, forms at the root of the horn and extends only a short distance. It becomes flaky and desquamates as horny scales, similar to the stratum externum of the hoofs.
epikeras
