Chapter 14: Eye And Ear Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What is located in the bony orbit along with extraocular muscles, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and glands. What is highly specialized sense organ for vision and photoreception.
A
eye
2
Q
What is the eye’s outermost tunic and has two main components: the cornea and the sclera.
A
TUNICA FIBROSA
3
Q
a transparent extension of the sclera, is a convex-concave lens, thicker at the center than the periphery and with a smaller radius of curvature centrally and peripherally. It is more curved than the sclera and completely devoid of blood vessels.
A
cornea
4
Q
What layer of cornea is the outermost, lined by a thin non-keratinized stratified squamos epithelium with many free nerve endings. An intact epithelium is necessary for maintenance of normal corneal transparency.
A
Anterior epithelium
5
Q
What layer of cornea is a cell-free, thick basement membrane composed of ground substance and an underlying layer of reticular fibers. It should not be confused with the anterior limiting lamina (Bowman’s membrane), a modified outermost layer of the substantia propria, which is present only in primates.
A
Subepithelial basement membrane
6
Q
What layer of cornea consists of a varying number (about 100 in cat) of collagen fiber layers or lamellae disposed in a plate-like manner. It forms the cornea’s core and 90% of its thickness.
A
Substantia propria, or stroma
7
Q
What layer of cornea separates the substantia propria(stroma) from the endothelium?
A
Posterior limiting membrane (Descemet’s membrane)
8
Q
What is opaque, white, tough layer of dense irregular connective tissue that protects the eye and maintains its form (shape).
A
sclera
9
Q
sclera It is anchored in the orbit by the dense connective tissue of?
A
Tenon’s capsule
10
Q
junction between the sclera and cornea, called?
A
limbus
11
Q
What is the sclera’s outermost layer of fibroelastic tissue?
A
Episclera
12
Q
Which layer of sclera is a dense mat of collagen bundles and fibroblasts forming the sclera’s thick middle layer.
A
Substantia propria
13
Q
What is the sclera’s loose connective tissue inner layer adjacent to the choroid. It contains elastic fibers and melanocytes and is separated from the choroid by a narrow perichoroidal space.
A
Lamina fusca (lamina fusca sclerae)
14
Q
What canal is an endothelial channel that drains fluid from the anterior chamber toward veins in the limbus?
A
Schlemm’s canal
15
Q
Schlemm’s canal is an endothelial channel that drains fluid from the anterior chamber toward veins in the limbus. Blocking this canal can raise intraocular pressure and causes?
A
glaucoma
16
Q
What is the middle tunic of the eye and has three major components: the choroid (posterior), ciliary body, and iris (anterior).
A
TUNICA VASCULOSA (Uvea)
17
Q
What is a thick, highly vascularized layer that is continuous with the ciliary body stroma anteriorly and extends posteriorly around the globe?
A
choroid
18
Q
overlies the junction between choroid and ciliary body
A
ora serrata
19
Q
the most peripheral layer of the choroid, is loosely structured, avascular, consisting of bundles of collagen and some elastic fibers, chromatophores and fibroblasts.
A
Suprachoroid layer (epichoroid)
20
Q
Suprachoroid layer (epichoroid) the most peripheral layer of the choroid, is loosely structured, avascular, consisting of bundles of collagen and some elastic fibers, chromatophores and fibroblasts. Toward the sclera, these bundles assume an oblique course, separated by numerous spaces, the ?, and are continuous with the connective tissue of the sclera.
A
perichoroidal or suprachoroidal space
21
Q
What layer of choroid consists of large arteries and veins, separated by stroma, embedded within a loose connective tissue that contains some chromatophores.
A
Vessel layer
22
Q
What layer of choroid is a light-reflecting layer, supposedly increasing light perception under conditions of poor illumination. It is not present throughout the choroid but is mainly located in the dorsal half of the fundus of the eye.
A
Tapetum lucidum
23
Q
Tapetum lucidum Responsible for the ? when light enters the eye under dark circumstances - at night.
A
eyeshine
24
Q
What layer of choroid is a dense network of capillaries immediately adjacent to the pigmented epithelial layer of the retina.
A
Choriocapillary layer (lamina choroidocapillaris)
25
What layer of choroid What layer of choroid separated the choroid from the retina.
Basal complex (Complexus basalis, Bruch’s membrane)
26
What is the anterior continuation of the choroid. It begins caudally at the ora serrata; rostrally, it is continuous with the iris and participates in the formation of trabecular meshwork of the iris angle.
ciliary body
27
rostral outer and inner portions of cilliary body form a connective tissue plate, the?
basal plate
28
Rostrally, the inner surfaceof cilliary body is differentiated into the capillary processes, which protrude into the posterior chamber. This region is the?
ciliary crown
29
What are irregular epithelium-covered connective tissue outgrowths of the ciliary body extending toward the lens. They serve as origins for the fibers of the circular ligament of Zinn (zonule) that insert in the edge of the lens to anchor it.
Ciliary processes
30
The inner ciliary epithelium borders the internal cavity of the eye. Its cells have the basolateral plasma membrane infoldings typical of the ion- and water - transporting cells. They secrete ?, which flows through the pupil to the anterior chamber.
aqueous humor
31
What muscles comprise three groups of smooth muscle bundles near the junction of the ciliary body and the sclera?
Ciliary muscles
32
What are the outermost fibers that originate from the substantia propria of the cornea, the adjacent connective tissue of the trabecular meshwork of the iris angle and the sclera. They make up the entire muscle in carnivores.
Meridional fibers
33
What have the same origin as meridional fibers, located inside these fibers and radiate into the circular fibers.
Radiate fibers
34
What are less numerous than the meridional fibers.
Circular fibers
35
What is the extension of the choroid into the anterior compartment, located rostrally to the lens and separates the anterior and posterior chambers. This structure controls the amount of light reaching the retina and gives the eye its color.
iris
36
Iris projects a flat ring from the ciliary body, in front of the lens, leaving a circular opening at its center, the?
pupil
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What involuntary muscles of the iris is composed of a ring or network of smooth muscle cells, circularly arranged near the pupillary margin.
Sphincter pupillae
38
What involuntary muscles of the iris is innervated by sympathetic postganglionic neurons from the superior cervical ganglion. This contract to open the pupil.
Dilator pupillae
39
What layer of iris is avascular and differs from the stroma of the iris because it is rich in proteoglycans and pigment cells.
anterior limiting layer (anterior border layer)
40
a continuation of the pigmented epithelial layer of the ciliary body, also forms the dilator muscle.
anterior epithelial layer
41
What layer is a continuation of the nonpigmented epithelial layer of the ciliary processes, which gradually becomes pigmented toward the base of the iris.
posterior pigmented layer
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a derivative of the optic cup, is considered an extension of the CNS.
retina
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The retina, a derivative of the optic cup, is considered an extension of the CNS. The sensory portion referred to as the ?, of the neuroepithelial tunic
pars optica retinae
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The rostral continuation of the bistratified layer of retina in association with the ciliary body is called the ?, it is also the point of transition from retina to non-photosensitive epithelial cells.
pars ciliaris retinae
45
What is the area of most acute vision in domestic animals and corresponds to the area of the macula lutea and fovea centralis in man and primates?
Area centralis retina
46
What is a yellowish pigmented spot at the posterior region of the eye?
Macula lutea
47
Macula lutea is a yellowish pigmented spot at the posterior region of the eye. In its center is a depression called the?
fovea centralis
48
What layer of retina simple squamos or cuboidal epithelium resting on a basal lamina (Bruch’s membrane) that separates it from the choroids. They transport metabolites from the blood to the rods and cones, phagocytize the shed rods and cones, absorption of light by the melanin and may be a storage site for Vitamin A.
Pigment epithelium (RPE, retinal pigment epithelium) is a
49
What layer of retina consists of the processes of the photoreceptor rods and cones?
Photoreceptor layer
50
What layer of retina separates the layer of rod and cone inner segments from the outer nuclear layer. It is not a true membrane but rather the attachment sites joining adjacent photoreceptor and radial glial (Muller’s) cells.
External limiting membrane
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What layer of retina consists of the nuclei and cell bodies of the photoreceptor cells?
Outer nuclear layer
52
What layer of retina is composed of rod spherules and cone pedicles (axonal termination of the photoreceptor cells), processes of the horizontal cells, and dendrites of bipolar cells.
Outer plexiform layer
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What layer of retina contains cell bodies of bipolar neurons and association neurons?
Inner nuclear layer
54
What layer of retina consists of axons of the bipolar neurons, the dendrites of adjacent ganglionic cells and the processes of association neurons. This is the synaptic region between bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. Radial glial cell processes are also present.
Inner plexiform layer
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What layer of retina is composed of large cell bodies of ganglion cells?
Ganglion cell layer (third neuron)
56
What layer of retina consists of axonal processes of the ganglion cells that are directed toward the optic papilla (blind spot) and emerge from the eye as the optic nerve.
Optic nerve fiber layer
57
What layer of retina consists of fibrilar material (basal lamina) and the conjoined processes of the supporting Muller cells. The cell bodies of these cells are located in the inner nuclear layer.
Internal limiting membrane
58
The rods and cones synapse with the bipolar cells, which then connect the receptor cells with the ganglion cells.
Photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
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A pigment in the outer segments of rods and cones are involved in the photochemical change that translates light waves (stimuli) to nerve impulses. This pigment is termed?
rhodopsin
60
What cells lie in the middle of the neural retina and comprise two populations of interneurons, relaying visual signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
61
What cells lie close to the inner surface of the globe and have large cell bodies and nuclei. Their dendrites make synaptic contact with the bipolar cells. Their axons form the layer of nerve fibers covering the retina’s inner surface. They converge to exit via the optic nerve, carrying visual signals to regions of the brain responsible for vision.
Ganglion cells
62
What cells are neurons whose functions may include integrating visual signals before they reach the brain.
Horizontal cells and amacrine cells
63
Whta compartment of the eye is situated between the cornea and the iris, through which aqueous humor must pass before being returned to the circulation at the filtration angle.
Anterior chamber
64
Whta compartment of the eye is situated between the iris and the lens. The region in which the aqueous humor is secreted.
Posterior chamber
65
The iris angle is a complicated meshwork at the periphery of the anterior chamber, at the level of the corneo-scleral junction; and the attachment of the ciliary body and the base of the iris; are important for the absorption and circulation of the aqueous humor.
Iris angle (iridocorneal, filtration or drainage angle).
66
This fluid is an ultrafiltrate of the blood, is continually produced by the ciliary process located behind the iris. It circulates from the posterior to the anterior chambers via the pupil, where it is then drained by way of veins. It bathes the avascular cornea and lens, and supplies nutrients and oxygen to these structures.
Aqueous humor
67
What occupies the space between the lens and the retina?
Vitreous chamber
68
The vitreous chamber contains a gelatinous mass called the?
vitreous body
69
What is a transparent, elastic, biconvex structure of epithelial origin, situated between the iris and the vitreous body and is suspended by the zonular fibers to the capillary.
Lens
70
Which component of lens is elastic and transport basal lamina that covers the entire lens and prevents wandering cells from penetrating?
Lens capsule
71
Which component of lens is simple cuboidal cells beneath the capsule on the anterior lens surface; increases to columnar near the lens equator, where cell division occurs. Its cells contain few organelles and form the lens fibers.
Lens epithelium
72
Which component of fibers are long, narrow, hexagonal, specialized epithelial cells that make up the bulk of the lens?
lens Lens
73
What eyelid is a conjunctival fold fortified by hyaline cartilage (ruminants, dog) or elastic cartilage (horse, pig and carnivores) or transitional (pigs and ruminants) epithelium with goblet cells.
third eyelid
74
What gland of the third eyelid is serous in the horse and cat and sero-mucous in all other domestic animals, with a predominantly mucous secretion in the pig.
superficial gland
75
What gland of the third eyelid is present only in the pig and secretes a fatty product.
deep gland
76
What is underlain by a loose, vascular lamina propria containing many lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages.
conjunctiva
77
What conjunctiva is a thin nonkeratinized stratified squamos epithelium covering the eye’s anterior surface to the cornea?
bulbar conjunctiva
78
What conjunctiva is stratified columnar epithelium covering the inner surface of the eyelids?
palpebral conjunctiva
79
What fibers originate from the ciliary limiting membrane mainly between the capillary processes and from the pars plana. When the ciliary muscle contracts during accommodation, the choroid and the ciliary body are pulled forward with simultaneous relaxation of the zonular fibers and lens. Consequently, the elastic lens capsule contracts and the lens assume a more spherical shape, focusing the image on the retina. The ciliary muscle is not well-developed in lower mammals than in primates and accommodation plays lesser role.
zonular fibers
80
This is a compound tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar gland. It is predominantly serous in ungulates (except in pigs, where mucous cells predominate), serous in cats, and seromucous in dogs.
Lacrimal gland
81
What are movable five-layered skin folds of the skin that protect the eyes?
eyelids (palpebra)
82
eyelids (palpebra) is underlain by loose connective tissue containing the what muscle that close the eyes?
orbicularis oculi muscles
83
What is a collection of structures that serves as an organ for hearing and an organ for balance and equilibrium?
ear
84
What is a sac of typical skin that contains hairs and associated glands. It is supported by a funnel-like plate of conchal, annular and cutiform cartilages.
Auricle (pinna)
85
What is the tubular extension of the pinna, lined by typical skin with some hairs and numerous sebaceous and ceruminous glands?
External auditory meatus
86
External auditory meatus is the tubular extension of the pinna, lined by typical skin with some hairs and numerous sebaceous and ceruminous glands. These glands,secrete a brown waxy substance, the ?, which protects the canal and keeps the tympanic membrane moist and pliable.
cerumen
87
Which ear lies in a cavity in the temporal bone, lined by simple cuboidal nonciliated cells with no basement membrane. It consists of the tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity and the three auditory ossicles and their associated muscles and ligaments. It is connected with the nasopharynx through a canal, the auditory tube and with the mastoid air cells.
middle ear
88
What membrane delimits the external auditory meatus from the tympanic cavity. It is covered externally by stratified squamos epithelium and internally by a layer of simple squamos epithelium continuous with the tympanic cavity.
Tympanic membrane (eardrum) delimits the external auditory meatus from the
tympanic cavity. It is covered externally by stratified squamos epithelium and
internally by a layer of simple squamos epithelium continuous with the tympanic
cavity.
89
Three small bones, the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup), traverse the middle ear connecting the tympanic membrane to the membrane of the vestibular (oval) window of the internal ear. They transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the fluid in the inner ear. Small muscles limit ossicle movement to limit damage from loud noises
Ossicles
90
The medial bony wall of the middle ear cavity has two membrane-covered openings, the oval (fenestra ovalis) and the round windows (fenestra rotunda or cochlea), lying at the border between the middle and internal ears. The oval window is closed by the ossicle, stapes, and the round window is closed by a membrane.
Tympanic cavity
91
Which muscle of the middle ear pull the malleus inward thus tensing the tympanic membrane and perhaps accentuating high-pitched sounds?
Tensor tympani
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Which muscle of the middle ear pulls the footplate of the stapes outward thus reducing the intra- labyrinth pressure and perhaps making sounds of low frequency more audible?
Stapedius
93
Tube connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx. It is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (with goblet cells) resting on a loose connective tissue. I
Auditory (Eustachian)
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Which ear consists of a complex of bony cavities and canals, by bony labyrinth, which houses the delicate membranous labyrinth and its organs of hearing and balance
internal ear
95
The bony labyrinth consists of two interconnected compartments, the?
vestibule and the cochlea
96
The spaces between the membranous and bony labyrinths contain a fluid called?
perilymph
97
The membranous labyrinth lies within and conforms to the shape of the bony labyrinth. Its interconnected chambers and canal contain a fluid called?
endolymph
98
What cells are the receptor cells. Each has several long stereocilia and one true cilium extending from its apical surface.
hair cells
99
What cells have basal nuclei, lie between the hair cells, and produce the glycoprotein-rich gelatinous layer that covers the sensory epithelium and bulges into the membranous labyrinth’s lumen
supporting cells
100
What is an oblong cavity in the inner ear, housing two saclike membranous labyrinth components concerned with equilibrium, the utricle and saccule.
vestibule
101
an ovoid button of sensory epithelium covered by a gelatinous layer into which the hair cells’ stereocilia and cilia extend.
macula
102
In both the utricle and saccule, small rocklike crystals of calcium carbonate and protein, the ?, cover the macula’s gelatinous layer.
otoliths (statoliths)
103
What is the largest membranous component of the vestibular system. This kidney-shaped sac connects the semicircular canals through their ampullae and with the saccule via the narrow utriculosaccular sac.
Utricle
104
What is spheric and smaller. It communicates with the cochlear duct through the short narrow ductus reuniens and with the utricle through the utriculosaccular duct.
Saccule
105
What duct is a tubular evagination of the utriculosaccular duct, terminating as a blind expansion, the endolymphatic sac. The sac has a tall columnar epithelial lining and is surrounded by vascular connective tissue. The duct and sac functions include producing endolymph and clearing debris from it.
Endolymphic duct
106
What canals are three thin bone canals in the temporal bone oriented in three planes at right angles to each other that communicate with the vestibule by small openings.
semicircular canals
107
Each ampulla contains a sensory?, whose hair cells and supporting cells resemble those in the macula, but are arranged in transverse ridges (cristae) rather than button-like bulges (macula).
crista ampullaris (sensitive to angular acceleration)
108
What constitutes the auditory portion of the inner ear and is highly specialized as a sound receptor. This snailshell-like spiral canal houses the cochlear duct; the part of the membranous labyrinth concerned with hearing.
cochlea
109
The cochlea’s screw-like bone core, the ?, houses the auditory nerve cell bodies of the spiral ganglion.
modiolus
110
The thread of the screwlike modiolus is a spiral bony shelf, the ?, which supports the auditory epithelium (spiral organ of Corti).
osseous spiral lamina
111
What tube has a simple squamos epithelial lining bound tightly to the cochlea’s bony walls. It begins at the oval window, ends at the round window, and contains the perilymph.
outer tube
112
What tube is the cochlear duct. Its cavity, the scala media, is filled with endolymph.
inner tube
113
What is the roof of the cochlear duct, separating the scala media from the scala vestibuli?
vestibular or Reissner’s membrane
114
What is the lateral wall of the cochlear duct, mainly composed of an unusual epithelium that produces endolymph?
stria vascularis
115
What part of the cochlear duct includes the spiral organ of Corti and the spiral lamina on which it rests?
floor
116
What is the name of the dorsal compartment of the lumen of the bony cochlea located above the cochlear duct?
Scala vestibuli
117
What is the name of the ventral compartment of the lumen of the bony cochlea that opens into the area of the round window? Scala tympani
118
The two divisions of the bony cochlear canal are completely separated from each other except at the apex of the bony cochlea where these two communicate through a small opening, the?
helicotrema
119
This structure has both bony and membranous parts. The osseous part is a thread-like projection from the modiolus, while the membranous part extends across the cochlear canal from the osseous thread to the spiral crest on the lateral wall. At its core lies a thin fibrous basilar membrane, and an important organ lies on its membranous portion.
spiral lamina
120
This organ is highly sensitive to vibration. It is anchored by epithelium-covered connective tissue to the bony part described above. A glycoprotein-rich membrane extends from the anchoring tissue to cover the sensory cells’ apices, forming a gelatinous layer over the vestibular maculae.
spiral organ of corti
121
What sensory hair cells form a single row adjacent to the inner pillar cells. Teardrop-shaped cells and their stereocilia form a straight row.
Inner hair cells
122
What sensory hair cells lie in 3 to 4 rows just outside of the outer pillar cells. They are cylindric-shaped cells slanted toward the inner tunnel and their stereocilia are arranged in a V or W pattern.
Outer hair cells
123
What supporting cells are columnar-shaped cells resting on the tympanic lip of the spiral limbus, forming a single row on the inner side of the inner hair cells.
Border cells
124
What supporting cells line a prominent triangular space, the inner tunnel (Corti). The two cells fit together much like a ball and socket.
Inner and outer pillar cells
125
What supporting cells rest on the basilar membrane and extend upward to cradle the base of the hair cell.
Inner and outer phalangeal (Deiter) cells
126
What supporting cells are separated from the outer phalangeal cells by a space, the middle tunnel (space of Nuel)?
Outer limiting (Hensen’s) cells
