Chapter 13 liquids Flashcards by Ann Noskowiak

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is sublimination?

A solid straight to a gas.

Example, Irene, dry ice, water vapor in freezer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is sublimination

A gas changing to a solid without becoming a liquid. Such as water vapor in the winter on your windshield.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When do we call something a vapor vs a gas?

If it’s normally a liquid at room temperature, we call it a vapor

If it’s normally a gas at room temperature, we call it a gas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Average kinetic energy is also known as what

Temperature

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A liquid is what

A state of matter with a definite volume, indefinite shape.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exothermic reactions do what?

Liberate heat. From a gas to a solid.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endothermic reactions do what?

Absorb heat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens in evaporation?

Particles at the SURFACE of a liquid with enough kinetic energy escape, and become a gas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is evaporation a heating or cooling process?

Cooling. The particles with the highest average kinetic energy leave the liquid

particles left behind have lower average kinetic energy =lower temperature. Example sweat perspiration evaporating from skin leave the cooler. Rubbing alcohol.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is volatile?

A substance that evaporates readily.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is vapor pressure?

Pressure exerted by a vapor in a closed container in EQUILIBRIUM with its liquid. Molecules running into each other.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is equilibrium?

Dynamic condition where to opposing processes occur EQUAL RATES! NOT EQUAL AMOUNTS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain this photo

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Le Chateliers principal?

When stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, the system responds to relieve the stress and restore equilibrium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?

Boiling happens under the surface. Evaporation happens at the surface.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The boiling point of a liquid is related to what?

It’s vapor pressure.

Boiling occurs when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure above the liquid.

Boiling=pressure in bubble=pressure in atmospheric air

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If you’re at high altitude, do things boil and cook at a higher temperature or lower temperature?

High altitude equals low pressure. Boil at lower temperature and needs to cook longer.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the standard in atmosphere?

760 mmHG

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens in a change in state?

1 the particles of a substance move differently with respect to each other

2 energy is required for a change in state. Energy either goes in or out of substance.

3 TEMPERATURE IS CONSTANT DURING A PHASE CHANGE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Melting and freezing point is the same for every substance!!

The horizontal lines show what

The amount of energy it took to change state

What increases the heat of evaporation/energy needed to change states?

If the molecules have a lot of attraction

What is dispersion force?

Also known as London dispersion force. This is a. TEMPORARY attractive force, which is the result RANDOM motion of electrons within a molecule.

Can dispersion force happen with noble gases?

Yes, this is a temporary attractive force

During a dispersion force can a dipole happen?

Yes, because the distribution of electrons has temporarily been changed

Of the three types of intermolecular attractions order them from weakest to strongest

Dispersion force is weakest, dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen bond, strongest.

What is a dipole dipole interaction?

Dipole= two poles An intermolecular attraction between the partially positive end of one polar molecule, and the partially negative end of another polar molecule

What is a hydrogen bond and how is it annotated?

Annotated with a zigzag line Weak bond (but strongest of intermolecular ) between hydrogen in one molecule, and a VERY electronegative element in a neighboring SEPARATE molecule.

What does nonpolar mean?

Equal sharing

What does the lower case delta symbol mean?

Partial positive or partial negative

What elements are often involved in a hydrogen bonding?

Fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen

What’s the pattern regarding boiling points and melting points in relation to the mass of compounds?

Except for a water as mass increases boiling point increases

What happens as molar mass increases?

Increase temperature needed to melt or boil, but decreased heat of fusion and vaporization

What are the unique properties of water?

Bent molecule Polar molecule (difference in electronegativity, not sharing equally AREAS OF CHARGE) Hydrogen bonding low vapor pressure/tendency to make a vapor High heat of vaporization High boiling point High surface tension Ice has lower density where other freezing elements become more dense

What is the reason for the unique properties of water?

HYDROGEN BONDING

What are hydrates?

Solids that contain water molecules as part of their crystalline structure. The water that is chemically attached is known as water of hydration. Anhydrates Pentahydrate (5)

The prefix AN equals what

Without

What is capillary action?

A spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube

Capillary action is the result of two types of forces. What are they?

Cohesive and adhesive force

Definition of cohesive and adhesive force

Cohesive equals forces of attraction BETWEEN LIQUID molecules Adhesive equals force of attraction between liquid molecules, and THE WALL ADHERE TO WALL

When you are reading a liquid in a narrow cylinder, what line do you read to?

The meniscus, which is the bottom of the curve

Some metal oxides can react with water to form what What are metal oxides called?

Hydroxide Basic anhydrides

Some nonmetal oxide reacts with water to form what? These non-metal oxides are called what

Acids Acid anhydride

What does anhydrous mean?

Without water

Looking at a chemical compound, how do you take out water?

Cross off two H and an O

How do we know what intermolecular attractions could be in play?

dispersion force /London dispersion force can always be in play Intermolecular attraction-check the electronegativity numbers and subtract the difference between atoms if it’s between 0.5–1.9 then it’s a polar covalent bond and a dipole dipole interaction Hydrogen bond is AN ATTRACTION BETWEEN SEPARATE MOLECULES, ESPECIALLY FLUORINE, NITROGEN, AND OXYGEN

In a dipole dipole interaction how do you know which end is positive and which is negative?

The atom with the smaller, electronegativity value equals the POSITIVE end

What are the steps in drawing intermolecular attractions?

1 Add up the number of valence electrons 2 write the skeletal structure put the first listed in the formula in the middle or the element that doesn’t have multiple atoms or is neediest 3 illustrate the bonded pairs 4 illustrate lone pairs 5 if left over valence electrons, distribute them in the center

What’s the difference between intermolecular forces an intra-molecular forces?

Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules Intramolecular forces occur inside the molecules