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Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry is the study of what

A

COMPOSITION of substances, and the CHANGES they undergo

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2
Q

 A theory is what

A

EXPLANATION of us, phenomenon or event, based on a lot of experimental evidence

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3
Q

What is a scientific law?

A

STATEMENT (not explanation) based on a lot of experimental evidence 

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4
Q

What are the two types of matter?

A

Pure substance or mixture. Pure substance is elements or compound mixture is homogeneous solution or heterogeneous.

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5
Q

What is aMorphous?

A

Without shape or form

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6
Q

What is crystalline?

A

Particles that form regular repeating three dimensional geometric patterns

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7
Q

What is a compound?

A

A pure substance, composed of two or more elements CHEMICALLY combined in a DEFINITE proportion

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8
Q

Another name for a homogeneous mixture is a what

A

Solution

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9
Q

What’s the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous?

A

Homogeneous is no visible boundary, components, mixed as individual atoms, ions, or molecules. One phase.

 Heterogeneous is visible boundaries between components and 2+ phases. Components, retain physical properties.

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10
Q

What is a phase

A

Homogeneous part of the system. Separated from other parts by physical boundaries.

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11
Q

What is a system?

A

Body of matter under consideration

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12
Q

What is a physical property?

A

Properties of a substance shows by itself without interacting with another substance. Color, melting point, boiling point, density.

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13
Q

What are chemical properties?

A

Properties of a substance shows as it interacts with, or transforms into other substances. Flammability, corrosiveness.

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14
Q

What are the separation techniques?

A

FECCD

Filtration based on particle size
Extraction differ solubility in different solvents
Crystallization different soluability
Chromatography solubility in solvent vs stationary phase
Distalization different volatility

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15
Q

What’s the most abundant element on earth?

A

Oxygen

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16
Q

What is sublimation

A

To change directly from a solid to a gas

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17
Q

What are the properties of metals?

A

Shiny, ductile (stretch into wire)
Malleable hammer into sheet
 Good conductors
High melting points

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18
Q

What special solution can metals combine with a nonmetal to form?

A

Alloy. Bronze brass stainless steel.

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19
Q

What are characteristics of nonmetals?

A

Doll in appearance
Low melting point
Poor conductor
Brittle

Oxygen, hydrogen, Karen

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20
Q

What are metalloids also known as

A

Semiconductors

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21
Q

Periodic means what?

A

Repeating, according to a pattern

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22
Q

Elements with similar properties are found where on the periodic table

A

Vertical, columns called groups or families

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23
Q

What properties do alkali metals have?

A

Extremely reactive metals found in the first column

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24
Q

What properties do alkaline metals have

A

Reactive metals found in second column

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25
What groups are transition elements found in?
Three through 12
26
What properties do halogens have, and where they found?
Very reactive nonmetals found in group 17
27
What properties do noble gases have?
Highly unreactive nonmetals found in the final column through 18
28
All of the elements left to the stairstep are what?
Metals. Except for hydrogen.
29
Where are the representative elements?
Group one and two, group 13 through 18
30
What are diatomic molecules and which ones are they?
Molecules containing two atoms of the same element bonded together Have no fear of ice cold beer Hydrogen Nitrogen Fluorine Oxygen Iodine Chlorine Bromine
31
What are ionic compounds?
Formed from ions that are either positive or negative
32
What’s the name of the two periods at the bottom of the periodic table?
Inner transition elements. Lanthanide, and actinide
33
What’s the difference between a compound and a mixture?
A compound is combined, chemically, distinct substance, combined in a definite ratio A mixture is combine, physically, individual components retain their properties, variable in composition
34
What is an ion?
Positive or negatively charged atom or group of atoms
35
The smallest piece of an ionic compound capable of independent existence is called what
Formula unit(not molecule)
36
CaCl2 is an example of what
Chemical formula. Used to represent the composition of chemical compounds.
37
What is the law of definite composition?
A compound containing 2+ elements chemically combine in a definite proportion by mass
38
What is the law of multiple proportions?
Atoms of two+ elements may combine in a different ratio to produce more than one compound
39
Who wrote the atomic theory?
Dalton
40
What did Dalton’s atomic theory contain?
Elements composed of INDIVISABLE atoms  Atoms of the same element are chemically alike/diff ones diff Atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds Atoms of same two elements can combine in different ways to form different compounds
41
Regarding charge force equals what?
How far away the Chargers are from each other and the amount of charge
42
Faraday discovered what?
Some substances conduct electricity when dissolved in water, and some compounds decomposed into CHARGED PARTICLES CALLED IONS
43
Arrhenius contributed what
Compounds can conduct when melted because they separate into ions Anions equal negative ions Cations equal positive ions
44
JJ Thompson discovered what?
The electron using experiments involving cathode rays
45
Atoms, form ions, through loss or gain of what
Electrons
46
What are the two observation from Rutherford’s gold foil experiment?
Most of the alpha particles went straight through the gold foil. He concluded most of the atom is empty. Space Very few alpha particles bounce off the gold foil. He concluded the alpha particles hit something. : Small Positive Massive He discovered the nucleus
47
How did the nuclear model of the atom change from Dalton or Thompson’s model
Most of the mass is in the nucleus Most of the atom is empty. Space. Atoms are neutral. Equal protons, and electrons.
48
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus
49
What is an isotope
Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons neutrons
50
What is the mass number?
Protons and neutrons added
51
Is mass number on the periodic table?
No
52
Lithium -6 means what
Hyphen Notation.  After the hyphen is the mass number.
53
What is nuclear (or isotope) notation?
6 Li 3 Top number is mass number. Bottom number is atomic number.
54
Is atomic mass the same as average atomic mass?
Yes
55
All elements are compared to what regarding mass?
Carbon 12 isotope
56
What is electromagnetic radiation?
Any form of energy that travels through space as a wave. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, radiation, UV.
57
What is a wave length?
Distance from crest of one wave to crest of the consecutive wave
58
What is a frequency?
The number of waves that pass a particular point each second
59
What is speed? Of waves?
Distance a wave moves in a certain period of time
60
Regarding the debate of whether light was a wave who helped settle this
Einstein. Explain a phenomenon known as photo electric effect.
61
What are photons?
The way light transfers, its energy in bundles or packets
62
Scientist describe light as what
Both particle and wave. Dual nature of light.
63
What is Thompson’s plum pudding model
Electrons exist throughout the atom, along with positive protons like dried fruit in a pudding
64
What is Bohrs planetary model
Electrons revolving around nucleus, like planets orbit. He believed each orbit corresponded to energy transition When atoms absorb energy electrons move to higher energy level. Excited state. Lowest energy state for a particular electron is known as GROUND state When electrons return to ground state, they give us a characteristic color
65
What is the wave model?
Current model of the atom. deBroglie Schrödinger  Treat electrons as Waves and particles Schroedinger calculated probability/chance of finding electron in certain region
66
And wave mechanics what is orbital
Most probable location for an electron in electron cloud
67
In wave mechanics, what is principal energy level
Most probable distance of an electron from nucleus
68
What is a sub level?
Division of principal energy level SPDF
69
What is principal quantum number?
Main energy level designation/DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS
70
What is angular momentum quantum number?
Energy sublevel electron occupies: Number of sub levels equals principal quantum number Energy level one has one sub level energy level two has to sub levels… SPDF
71
What is magnetic quantum number?
ORIENTATION of sub level in space S orbital has one position, P orbital has three positions…
72
Spin quantum number. What is it?
Spin is defined as clockwise or counterclockwise
73
What is that Aufbau principal?
Electrons fill orbitals of lowest energy first
74
What is the pauli exclusion principle?
 I am an orbital can only hold two electrons and they must be, opposite spin
75
What is Hunds rule
When electrons fill orbitals of equal energy, one electron will occupy each orbital before they pair up
76
How do we find the total number of orbitals?
Square, the principal quantum number/energy level 1= 1 2= 4 3=9 4=16
77
How do we find out the total number of electrons in a principal quantum number/energy level?
2n squared n= principal, quantum number/energy level 1=2 e- 2= 8 3=18 4= 32
78
How do we determine valence electrons?
Use the group number OLD SYSTEM This doesn’t work for transition metals
79
What a maple leaf be homogeneous?
No
80
Which of the following is a pure substance? Air, orange juice, nitrogen, soil.
Nitrogen
81
Ordinary table salt is composed of two elements, sodium and chlorine. Sodium is a highly reactive metal even reacting violently with water. Chlorine is a toxic, pale, yellow, green gas. How do these properties of these two elements compare to the properties of a compound, sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt?
Separately, the elements of sodium and chlorine are highly reactive as they easily lose electrons, when in contact with an a another substance however, as a compound, NaCl has ions that attract each other strongly, and it’s not easily broken/reactive.
82
Is the following statement an observation hypothesis for experiment? There is a direct relationship between the volume of a gas and temperature
Hypothesis
83
Which of the following is not a pure substance? Gold NACL, crude oil, sugar
Crude oil
84
How many atoms does the following have? Ca(ClO3) 2
9
85
Which of the following is not one of the diatomic elements Hydrogen carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
Carbon
86
How is an atom different from a molecule?
A molecule is the smallest component of a compound. However, an atom is the smallest component of an element capable of independent existence.
87
Is air a pure substance or a mixture?
Mixture
88
Helium is what state at room temperature?
Gas
89
Go thru through photos of chapter 10 WS  for more study prompts
90
How do I write the old system group numbers for valence electrons?
Number the representative elements 1,2 then skip the transition elements and write 3-8 in the right representative Then transition elements write 3-7 Ands the next three groups write 8 Then 1, 2
91
Remember that in figuring out principal quantum number or main energy level for transition metals, you would use the typical period number -1
92
What do valence electrons do in a chemical change?
Gain lose or share electrons
93
Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons are called what?
Isotopes
94
How do how do I figure nuclear notation?
And then I write in the answer I’m just doing microphone 

Chemistry (15 decks)

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