Chapter 13: psychosocial development in middle school Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the self-concept?

A

external traits, internal traits and social relationships/group membership

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2
Q

what is the self-esteem?

A
  • many areas: athletics, appearance, academics, peer relationships, parent relationships & parenting style
  • declines steadily (lowest at 12-13)
  • influenced by technology and social media
  • erikson’s industry vs inferiority (capacity for productive work after evaluations’ results)
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3
Q

emotional development

A
  • better ability to understand own and others’ emotions
  • better emotional regulation
  • empathy and prosocial behaviours continue to develop
  • children help when: have good friends, feel responsible for the person in need, feel competent to help, in a good mood, cost of helping is modest
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4
Q

parent-child relationships

A
  • school work, chores, peers
  • less supervision
  • co-regulation
  • family conflict
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5
Q

same sex parents

A
  • legalization of gay marriage in canada in 2005
  • psychological adjustment of kids
  • child’s gender identity and sexual orientation is NOT in function of parents’ sexuality
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6
Q

causes of divorce

A

low income, little education, age when married, parental divorce, little religious affiliation

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7
Q

family structures (other possibilities)

A

step parents and blended families, single parents, grandparents as primary caregivers

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8
Q

working parents

A

not harmful to children

what can be harmful to children: family income, parental education, quality of parent-child relationship

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9
Q

positive aspects of siblings

A

warm and supportive relationship
- better adjustment
- social competence
- prosocial behaviour
- empathy
- conflict resolution
- other’s point of view
- negotiations
- problem-solving

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10
Q

negative aspects of siblings

A

high conflict
- internalizing problems (anxiety and depression)
- externalizing problems (delinquency and aggression)
- older siblings as a negative model (antisocial behaviours, drug/alcohol, early sexual behaviour)

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11
Q

aspect of peers

A

friendships, peer acceptance, peer rejection, bullying

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12
Q

aspect of popularity

A
  • positive nominations: who you like/play with, who others like
  • negative nominations: who you do not like/play, others do not like
  • popular kids have good social skills
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13
Q

three types of aggression

A

instrumental, hostile, relational

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14
Q

factors in aggression

A
  • aggression in families: physical punishment, abuse
  • violent media: tv, video games
  • cognitive: interpret neutral social situations as aggressive
  • use psychological theories to interpret
  • nature vs nurture
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15
Q

factors on bullying

A
  • key elements: intent to harm, repeated, imbalance of power, victim’s distress
  • consequences of being bullied: anxiety, depression, withdrawal, school refusal, somatization
  • consequences of being a bully: conduct disorder, aggression, dating violence, sexual harassment, academic problems, anxiety
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16
Q

victims of aggression

A
  • young kids are likely to be victims of aggression: aggressive, withdrawn, submissive
  • how can children avoid being victims: learning new ways of responding to aggression, raising self-esteem, having friends
17
Q

consequences of rejection & victimization

A
  • do less well in school
  • lower self-esteem
  • behavioural problems (juvenile offences, self-harm, harm others)
  • metal health problems
18
Q

how do bullies get power?

A
  • victims not doing anything about it
  • bystanders
  • no proactive measures in place
  • poor reactive measures
  • “it’s normal” excuses by authority
  • ignorance by all
  • low parental warmth
19
Q

social and emotional problems

A

depression, anxiety, separation anxiety disorder, conduct disorder