Chapter 13: Spinal Cord Anatomy

Question 1

Connective tissue coverings that encircle the brain and spinal cord

Answer 1

Meninges

Question 2

Most superficial of three spinal meninges, continuous with epineurium

Answer 2

Dura Mater

Question 3

This lies btw the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

Answer 3

Subdural space (contains interstitial fluid)

Question 4

Where is the epidural space located ?

Answer 4

Btw the Dura mater and wall of the vertebral canal

Question 5

Extensions (thickening) of Pia mater

Answer 5

Denticulate ligaments

Question 6

This meningeal layer consists of a thin avascular covering comprised if loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers (no blood supply)

Answer 6

Arachnoid mater (middle)

Question 7

Within this meningeal layer are many blood vessels that supply O2 and nutrients to the spinal cord

Answer 7

Pia Mater

Question 8

The spinal cord tapers and terminates as a tapering conical structure ending btw L1 & L2 called what?

Answer 8

Conus medullaris

Question 9

What nerves make up the cervical plexus

Answer 9

C1-C5

Question 10

How many cervical nerves are there ?

Answer 10

8

Question 11

The posterior (dorsal ) contain what kind of axons ?

Answer 11

Sensory axons which conduct nerve impulsesfrom sensory receptors in skin, muscles, and internal organs into the CNS

Question 12

The anterior (ventral) root contain axons of what nerves ?

Answer 12

Motor neurons which conduct impulses from the CNS to the effectors (mm and glands )

Question 13

Where are the lateral grey horns found?

Answer 13

Thoracic and upper lumbar segments

Question 14

What does the posterior (dorsal) ramus serve

Answer 14

Deep mm, and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk

Question 15

Meningeal branch innervates what

Answer 15

BV of SC, vertebrae, vertebral ligament and meninges

Question 16

Does The posterior (dorsal) root of spinal nerve contains motor or sensory information

Answer 16

Sensory

Question 17

The anterior (ventral) root contain axons for what kind of nerves ?

Answer 17

Motor

Question 18

What is the function of the filum terminale?

Answer 18

Anchor the spinal cord onto the coccyx

Question 19

What nerves innervates the diaphragm ?

Answer 19

Phrenic C3,4,5

Question 20

What distribution of spinal nerves reenters the vertebral canal and supplies the vertebrae ?

Answer 20

Meningeal branch

Question 21

Which distribution of spinal nerves serves the mm and structures of the upper and lower limbs and lateral anterior skin of trunk ?

Answer 21

Anterior (ventral) ramus

Question 22

2nd degree nerve injury from prolonged severe compression, but the endoneurium is still in tact is known as what?

Answer 22

Axonotmesis

Question 23

1st degree nerve injury, from mild focal compression, and is reversible is known as what?

Answer 23

Neuropraxia

Question 24

3rd degree nerve damage, hard to regenerate, and the endoneurium is damaged is known as what?

Answer 24

Neurotmesis

Question 25

This distribution of Rami deals with the autonomic nervous system

Answer 25

Rami communicantes

Question 26

Injury to brachial plexus from forceful pulling away of head from shoulder

Answer 26

Erb-Duchenne Palsy

Question 27

Name of brachial plexus Injury to nerve root C8-T1

Answer 27

Klumpke's

Question 28

Can occur with Klumpke's, when your autonomic nervous syndrome is affected. Symptoms included miosis, ptosis, anhydrosis, enopthalmos

Answer 28

Horners syndrome

Question 29

Propagation of nerve impulses in the spinal cord happens where ?

Answer 29

White matter tracts

Question 30

Where in the spinal cord does integration of information happen ?

Answer 30

Gray matter

Question 31

What are the 2 main sensory tracts in the spinal cord?

Answer 31

Spinothalamic tract &. Posterior Column

Question 32

What does the spinothalamic tract sense?

Answer 32

Pain, Temperature, Itch, Tickle, Deep pressure, touch

Question 33

What sensory tract in the spinal column conveys nerve impulses for discriminative touch, light pressure, vibration, proprioception

Answer 33

Posterior column

Question 34

2 main motor pathways

Answer 34

Direct and indirect pathways

Question 35

Name the direct pathways of motor tracts in the spinal cord

Answer 35

Lateral corticospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract

Question 36

These pathways have nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and cause voluntary movement of skeletal mm

Answer 36

Direct pathways

Question 37

These pathways in the spinal cord have nerve impulses that arise in the brain stem and cause automatic movements (maintain mm tone/posture/ equilibrium)

Answer 37

Indirect pathways

Question 38

Name the 5 indirect pathways in the spinal cord

Answer 38

``` Rubrospinal tract Tectospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Lateral reticulospinal tract Medial reticulospinal tract ```

Question 39

Two tracts of the posterior column if the spinal cord

Answer 39

Gracile | Cuneate

Question 40

A monosynaptic, ipsilateral reflex, which will elicit a muscle contraction in response to stretching of that muscle

Answer 40

Stretch reflex

Question 41

True or False a stretch reflex stimulates muscle spindles which monitor the change in length of a muscle

Answer 41

True-> stretch reflex uses mm spindles

Question 42

Name the four somatic spinal reflexes

Answer 42

Stretch reflex Tendon reflex Flexor (withdrawal) reflex The crossed extensor reflex

Question 43

Connective tissue covering that surrounds a fascicle of a nerve

Answer 43

Perineurium

Question 44

Connective tissue that surrounds the entire nerve

Answer 44

Epineurium

Question 45

This segment of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

Answer 45

Lateral grey horns

Question 46

Are the following Sensory or Motor nerves ? What Plexus are they apart of ? Lesser occipital Greater auricular Transverse cervical & Supraclavicular

Answer 46

Cervical Plexus (sensory) branches

Question 47

Andrenergic neurons release what neurotransmitter ?

Answer 47

They release norepinephrine (NE) aka noradrenalin

Question 48

Name the nerve root origin of these... Lesser occipital Greater auricular Transverse cervical & Supraclavicular

Answer 48

Lesser occipital C2 Greater auricular C2-C3 Transverse cervical C2-C3 & Supraclavicular C3-C4

Question 49

What two nerves make up the sciatic nerve ?

Answer 49

Tibial and common fibulae

Question 50

Gluteus Maximus is innervates by what nerve ?

Answer 50

Inferior gluteal

Question 51

Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, And TFL are innervates via what nerve ?

Answer 51

Superior gluteal

Question 52

Levator scapula, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor mm are innervates by what nerve ?

Answer 52

Dorsal scapular

Question 53

Deltoid and theres minor are innervated by what nerve ?

Answer 53

Axillary

Question 54

The thoracodorsal nerve innervates what muscle ?

Answer 54

Latissimus Dorsi muscle

Question 55

What forms a plexus ?

Answer 55

Anterior ramus

Question 56

WhEre is the primary auditory area located ?

Answer 56

Temporal