Chapter 13 Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves Flashcards
1
Q
Composed of 100 million neuron’s and even more neuroglia
A
Spinal cord
2
Q
Contain neural circuits that Control some of most rapid reactions to environmental changes
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Spinal cord and its associated spinal nerves
3
Q
A quick automatic response to certain stimuli that involves neuron’s only in the spinal nerves and spinal cord
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Spinal cord reflex
4
Q
Site for integration (summing) of excitatory post synaptic potentials and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
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Gray matter of the spinal cord
5
Q
Arise as Neurotransmitter molecules interact with their receptors at synapses in the spinal cord
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Graded potentials
6
Q
Highways
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White matter
7
Q
Contains a dozen major sensory and motor tracks which function as highways along which sensory input travels to the brain and motor output travels from the brain to skeletal muscles and other effectors
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Spinal cord
8
Q
Delicate and does not respond well to injury or damage
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Nervous tissue of the central nervous system
9
Q
Protective layers off the central nervous system
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Skull and vertebral column a space between two of the meningeal membranes containing cerebrospinal fluid that suspends the CNS tissue no in a weightless environment while surrounding it with the shock absorbing hydraulic cushion
10
Q
Located with in the vertebral canal of the vertebral column
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Spinal cord
11
Q
Formed by the vertebral foramina of all of the vertebrae stacked one on top of the other.
Vertebral ligaments, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid provide additional protection
A
Vertebral column
12
Q
Are three protective connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain
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Meninges
13
Q
Surrounds the spinal cord
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Spinal meninges
14
Q
Encircles the brain
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Cranial meninges
15
Q
Three spinal Meninges
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Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia Mater
16
Q
Space between the dura Mater in the wall of the vertebral canal
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Epidural space
17
Q
Most superficial spinal meninges,thick strong layer composed of dense irregular tissue
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Dura mater
18
Q
Then avascular covering comprised of cells and thin loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers. Layer middle of the meningeal membranes
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Arachnoid Mater
19
Q
Thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain consist of thin squamous to cuboidal cells. With in interlacing bundles of collagen fibers and some fine elastic fibers. innermost meninx
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Pia Mater
20
Q
Triangular shaped membranous extensions. Thickenings of the pia mater
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Denticulate Ligaments
21
Q
Project laterally and fuse with the arachnoid Mater and inner surface of the dura Mater between the The anterior and posterior nerve roots of the spinal nerves
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Denticulate ligaments
22
Q
Protects the spinal cord against sudden displacement that could result in shock
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Denticulate ligament
23
Q
Contains shock absorbing cerebrospinal fluid located between the arachnoid Mater and pia mater
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Sub arachnoid space
24
Q
Removal of cerebrospinal fluid from the sub arachnoid space
A
Spinal tap
25
Inflammation of the meninges
Meningitis
26
Is roughly oval in shape for that then slightly anteriorly and posteriorly in adults if it extends from the medulla oblongata to the superior border of the second lumbar vertebra
Spinal cord
27
Pathway for sensory input to the brain and motor output from the brain
Spinal cord
28
Procedure used to diagnose pathologies and to introduce antibiotics contrast media anesthetics and chemotherapeutic drugs
Spinal tap or lumbar puncture
29
Contain cervical and lumbar enlargements that serves as points of origin for nerves to the extremities
Spinal cord
30
Tapered portion of the spinal cord from which arise the filum terminale and cauda equina
Conus medullaris
31
Flat the cylinder 16 to 18 inches long and 3/4 inch diameter an adult ends at L2 a newborn and L for growth of cord stops at age 5
cervical enlargement -upper limbs
Lumbar enlargement -lower limbs
External anatomy of spinal cord
32
Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Caudae equinae (horses tail)
Spinal segment
Inferior end of spinal cord
33
Going shaped end of spinal cord
Conus medullaris
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Thread like extension of pia mater
| stabilizes spinal cord in Canal
Filum Terminale
35
Dorsal and ventral roots of lowest spinal nerves
Caudae Equinae (Horses Tail)
36
Area of cord from which each pair of spinal nerves arises
Spinal segment
37
Paths of communication between the spinal cord and most of the body
Spinal nerves
38
Two points of attachment that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the spinal cord
Roots
39
Eight pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
five pairs of lumbar nerves five pairs of sacral nerves
one pair of coccygeal nerve
The 31 pairs of spinal nerves
40
Begin as roots
Spinal nerve
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Outgoing motor fibers
Ventral or anterior root
42
Cell bodies of sensory nerves
Dorsal root ganglion
43
Penetrate the white Mater of the spinal cord and divided into right and left sides
Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
44
Shaped like the letter H are a butterfly and is surrounded by white Matter
Gray matter
45
Consists primarily of cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia and in myelinated axons and dendrites of association and motor neuron's
Gray matter
46
Forms the crossbar of the H shaped gray matter
Gray commissure
47
Consists of bundles of myelinated axons of motor and sensory neurons
White matter
48
Continues with fourth ventricle of brain
Central canal
49
Shaped like the letter H or butterfly contains neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons and dendrites
Paired dorsal and ventral a gray horns
lateral horns only present in thoracic spinal cord
Gray commissure crosses the midline
Gray Matter
50
Anterior to the gray commissure
| Connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the spinal cord
Anterior white commissure
51
Divided into horns contain cell bodies of neurons
Gray matter
52
Divided into columns each column contains distinct bundles of nerve axons that have a common origin or destination and carry similar information
White matter
53
Distinct bundles of nerve axons
Tracts
54
Covers gray matter
White matter
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Deeper than a posterior median sulcus
Anterior median fissure
56
Contain axons that form ascending and descending tracts
Anterior lateral and posterior white columns
57
To principal functions of the spinal cord
White matter tracts are highways for nerve impulse conduction to and from the brain
Gray matter receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information
58
Conduct nerve impulses toward the brain the Lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts and the posterior column tract
Sensory (ascending)
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Conduct impulses down the cord
Motor (descending)tracts
60
Include lateral and anterior corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
Direct pathways
61
Include rubrospinal, tectospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
Indirect pathways
62
Function of tracts
Highways for sensory and motor information
63
Naming of tracts
Indicate position and direction of signal
64
Ascend
Sensory tracts
65
Descend
Motor tracts
66
Function of tracts
Highways for sensory and motor information
67
Impulses travel from spinal cord towards
Brain (thalamus) found in anterior part of spinal cord
68
Motor tracts
Pyramidal tract
| Extra pyramidal tract
69
Sensory tracts
Spinothalamic tract
Posterior column
Spinocerebellar
70
Pain temperature the pressure and crude touch
Spinothalamic tract function
71
Proprioception,discriminative touch two point discrimination pressure and vibration
Posterior columns
72
Precise voluntary movements
Direct pathways (corticospinal and corticobulbar
73
Programming automatic movements posture and muscle tone equilibrium and coordination of visual reflexes
Indirect pathways (rubrospinal vestibulospinal)
74
Fast predictable automatic response to changes in their environment that helps to maintain homeostasis
Reflex
75
May be spinal cranial somatic or autonomic
Reflexes
76
Serves us and integrating center for spinal reflexes occurs in the gray matter
Spinal cord
77
Specific nerve impulse pathway
Reflects arc
78
Five components of reflex arc
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Receptor sensory
neuron
integrating center
motor neuron
effector
```
79
Simplest type of pathway
Reflex arc
80
Specific neural circuits include at least one synapse
Pathways
81
Helps maintain homeostasis by permitting the body to make exceedingly rapid adjustments to homeostatic imbalances
Reflexes
82
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Include the stretch reflex
tendon reflex
Flexor reflex
crossed extensor reflex
all exhibit reciprocal innervention
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Somatic spinal reflexes
83
Operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction
Prevents injury from overstretching biggest muscle contracts when it is stretched
Mono synaptic ipsilateral reflex arc
Stretch reflex or patellar reflex
84
Muscle spindle signals stretch of muscle motor neuron activated and muscle contracts
Events of stretch reflex
85
Sets muscle spindle sensitivity as it sets muscle tone
Brain
86
Antagonistic muscles relax as part of reflex
Reciprocal innervation(polysynaptic-interneuron)
87
Operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by crossing muscle relaxation when muscle force becomes too extreme ipsilateral polysynaptic reflex
Tendon reflex
88
Kosice contraction of ipsilateral muscle group
Reciprocal innervation or polysynaptic
89
Golgi tendon organs are in tendon activated by stretching of tendon in inhibitory neuron is stimulated
Tendon reflex
90
Is ipsilateral and is a protective or drywall reflects that moves and them to avoid pain
Flexor or withdrawal reflex
91
Resulting in contraction off flexor muscles to move a limb to avoid injury or pain
Flexor and crossed extensor reflexes
92
Is contralateral helps to maintain balance during the flexor reflects
Crossed extensor reflex
93
Balance maintaining reflects that crosses the synchronized extension of the joints of one limb and flex ion of the joints in the opposite limb
Crossed extensor reflexes
94
Step on tack (pain fibers send signal to spinal cord)
interneurons branch to different spinal cord segments
motor fibers in several segments are activated more than one muscle group group activated to lift foot off of tack
Flexor reflex
95
Lifting for left foot requires extension of right leg to maintain one's balance
pain signals cross to opposite spinal cord
Crossed extensor reflex
96
Stimulated by interneurons to hold up the bodyweight
Contra lateral extensor muscles
97
When extensors contract flexors relax
Reciprocal innervation
98
Stroke the lateral margin of the sole
| normal response is curling under the toes
Plantar flexion reflex
99
Upward Fanning of toes due to incomplete my myelination in child
Babinski sign
100
Connects the CNS to sensory receptors muscles and glands and are part of the peripheral nervous system
Spinal nerves
101
Formed by roots of the lower lumbar sacral and coccygeal nerves are not in line with their corresponding vertebrae
Cauda equina
102
Connects to the cord via an interior and the posterior root
Spinal nerves
103
Is a mixed nerve
Spinal nerve
104
Contains sensory axons
Posterior root
105
Contains motor axons
Anterior root
106
8 pairs of cervical nerves
C1-c8
107
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
T1-t12
108
Five pairs of lumbar nerves
L1-L5
109
Five pairs of sacral nerves
S1-S5
110
Made of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and mix sensory and motor nerves
Spinal nerves
111
A single axon within an emdoneurium
Fiber
112
A bundle of fibers within a perineurium
Fascicles
113
A bundle of fascicles within an epineurium
Nerve
114
Grouped within connective tissue sheaths
Spinal nerve axons
115
Wrapping of each nerve fibers
Endoneurium
116
Surrounds group of nerve fibers forming a fascicle
Perineurium
117
Covering of entire nerve
Epineurium
118
Blends into it at inter-vertebral foramen
Dura mater
119
Around each axon
Emdoneurium
120
Around entire nerve
Epineurium
121
Around each fascicle
Perineurium
122
Form from dorsal and ventral roots
| Branch into dorsal and ventral rami
Spinal nerves
123
Supply skin and muscles of back
Dorsal rami
124
Form flexes supply anterior trunk and limbs
Ventral rami
125
Supply meninges, vertebrae and blood vessel
Meningeal branches
126
Joining of ventral rami of spinal nerves form
| Found in neck, arms, low back and sacral regions
Nerve networks or plexuses
127
No plexuses in
Thoracic region
128
Supplies the skin and muscles of the head neck and upper part of the shoulders connects with some cranial nerves and supplies the diaphragm
Cervical plexus
129
Causes respiratory arrest
Damage to the spinal cord above the origin of the phrenic nerves c3-c5
130
Breathing stops because
The phrenic nerves no longer send impulses to the diaphragm
131
C-1 C-5 ventral rami
| Supplies parts of head neck and shoulders
Cervical plexus
132
Keeps diaphragm alive
Phrenic nerve
133
Damage to cord above C3
Respiratory arrest
134
Constitutes the nerve supply for the upper extremities and a number of neck and shoulder muscles
Brachial plexus
135
Wrist drop carpal tunnel syndrome clawhand wing scapula, Erb-Duchene policy or waiters tip palsy, kumphe's
Nerve disorders resulting from injury to the brachial plexus
136
C-5 through T1
Ventral rami
137
Basses superior to first rib and under clavicle
Brachial plexus
138
Musculocutaneous nerve
Elbow flexors
139
Radial nerve
Shoulder and elbow extensors
140
Flexors of wrist and hand
Median and ulnar nerve
141
Supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall external genitals and part of the lower extremities
Lumbar plexus
142
Largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus
Femoral nerve
143
Inability to extend the leg and loss of sensation in the skin over the Antero medial aspect of the thigh
Injury to the femoral nerve
144
Common complication of childbirth and results in paralysis of the abductor muscles of the leg and loss of sensation over the medial aspect of the thigh
Obturator nerve injury
145
Supplies the buttocks perineurium
| and part of the lower extremity
Sacral plexus
146
Largest nerve in the body
Sciatic nerve
147
Branches results in sciatica pain that extends from the butt back down to the back of the leg
Injury today sciatic nerve, and common peroneal portion
148
Injury can occur due to a herniated disc dislocated hip osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine pressure from the uterus during pregnancy or improperly administered gluteal injection
Sciatic nerve injury
149
Anterior to the sacrum the ventral rami of L4 to L5 and S1 to S4
Supplies buttocks, perineurium and part of lower limb
Sacral plexus
150
L4 to S3 supplies post high and all below knee
Sciatic nerve
151
Produces foot drop or numbness
Peroneal nerve injury
152
Produces calcaneovalgus or loss of function under dear your leg and dorsum of
Tibial nerve injury
153
Located behind the knee
Common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve
154
Pain extending from the buttocks down the leg to the foot
Sciatica
155
The skin over the entire body supplied by spinal nerves that carry somatic sensory nerves impulses into the spinal cord
Dermatomes
156
All spinal nerves except C1 innervate specific constant segments of the skin skin segments are called
Dermatomes
157
Supplied by cranial nerve V
Skin on face
158
Damage regions of the spinal cords can be distinguished by patterns of numbness over what region
Dermatome region
159
Must be done over three adjacent spinal nerves
Infusing local anesthetics or cutting roots
160
Injury that severs the cord loss of sensation and motor control below the injury
Spinal cord
161
Inflammation of nerves cost by injury vitamin deficiency or poison
Neuritis
162
Infection of peripheral nerve by chickenpox virus causes pain skin discoloration line of skin blisters
Shingles
163
Viral infection costing motor neuron death and possible death from cardiac failure or respiratory arrest
Polo myelitis
164
Waiters tip position fall on his shoulder
Erb-Duchene palsy
165
Improper deltoid injection or tight cast wrist drop
Radial nerve injury
166
Numb palm and fingers inability to pronate and flex fingers
Median nerve injury
167
Inability to adduct/abduct fingers atrophy of interosseous
Ulnar nerve injury or clawhand
168
Paralysis of serratus anterior can't of abduct above horizontal
Long thoracic nerve injury or winged scapula
