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Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Control center for registering sensations correlating them with one another which stored information decision making taking actions center for intellect emotions behavior in memory directs behavior towards others

A

Brain

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2
Q

Control center of the human body

A

Brain

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3
Q

Develop from Ectodermal neural tube

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Constrictions in the expanded neural tube create three regions called

A

Primary brain vesicles

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5
Q

Three primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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6
Q

Prosencephalon and Rhombencephalon subdivide forming

A

Secondary brain vesicles

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7
Q

Forebrain, gives rise to the telencephalon and diencephalon

A

Prosencephalon

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8
Q

Hindbrain develops into the metencephalon and MyelenCephalon

A

RhombenCephalon

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9
Q

Five secondary brain vesicles

A 
Telencephalon
 Diencephalon
 Mesencephalon 
metencephalon 
Myelencephalon
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10
Q

Develops into the cerebrum and lateral ventricles

A

Telencephalon

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11
Q

Forms the thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus and third ventricle

A

Diencephalon

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12
Q

Also called the midbrain gives rise to the midbrain and aqueduct off the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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13
Q

Becomes the pons cerebellum and upper part of the fourth ventricle

A

Metencephalon

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14
Q

Forms the medulla oblongata and lower part of the fourth ventricle

A

Myelencephalon

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15
Q

Fluid filled space

A

Ventricles

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16
Q

Walls of brain regions develop into

A

Nervous tissue

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17
Q

Hollow interior of the tube is transformed into

A

Various ventricles

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18
Q

Becomes prominent in head development

A

Expanded neural crest tissue

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19
Q

Major parts of the brain

A

Brain Stem
cerebellum
Cerebrum
Diencephalon

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20
Q

Is continues with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons in midbrain

A

Brain stem

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21
Q

Posterior to the brainstem

A

Cerebellum

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22
Q

Superior to the brainstem

A

Diencephalon

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23
Q

Consists of the thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

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24
Q

Supported on the diencephalon and brainstem

A

Cerebrum

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25
Largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
26
Surround and protect the brain
Cranium and cranial meninges
27
Continues with the spinal meninges
Cranial meninges
28
Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater
Cranial meninges
29
Has 2 layers
Cranial dura mater
30
Has only one layer
Spinal dura Mater
31
The 2 dural layers are called
``` Periosteal layer (external) Meningeal layer (internal) ```
32
Drains venous blood from the brain and deliver it into the internal jugular veins
Endothelial lined venous channel
33
Three extensions of the Dura Mater separates parts of the brain
``` Falx cerebri (separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum Falx cerebelli (separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum Tentorium cerebelli (separates ten cerebrum from the cerebellum ```
34
Blood flows to the brain mainly via the
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
35
To bring represents only 2% of total body weight but consumes about 20% of
Oxygen and glucose used by the body even when resting
36
Neurons synthesize ATP almost exclusively from
Glucose via reactions that use oxygen
37
When activity of neurons and neuroglia increases in a region of the brain bloodflow to that area also
Increases
38
A brief slowing of brain bloodflow may cause
This orientation or lack of consciousness
39
Interruption in bloodflow for a minute or two impairs
Neuronal function
40
Total deprivation of oxygen for about four minutes causes
Permanent injury
41
If blood entering the brain has a low level of glucose
Mental confusion dizziness: convulsions and loss of consciousness may occur
42
Characterize by seizure, and possibly death
Diabetic shock
43
Consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the Endothelia cells of brain blood capillaries and a thick membrane surrounding the capillaries
Blood brain barrier
44
One type of neuroglia
Astrocytes
45
Protect cells from some toxins and pathogens proteins and antibiotics cannot pass but alcohol and anesthetics do
Blood brain barrier
46
The process of many astrocytes press up against the capillaries and secrete chemicals maintain the
Permeability characteristics of the tight junction
47
Water-soluble substances
Glucose
48
Proteins and most antibiotic drugs do not pass at all from the
Blood into brain tissue
49
Lipid soluble substances such as oxygen carbon dioxide alcohol and most anesthetic agents are able to
Access brain tissue freely
50
Cause of breakdown of the blood brain barrier
Trauma certain toxins and inflammation
51
The brain is protected by
Cranial bones and cranial meninges
52
Clear colorless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries it also carries small amounts of oxygen glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia
CSF
53
Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord and around the brain and spinal cord in the sub arachnoid space
CSF
54
Total volume of CSF
80 to 150 ML or 3 to 5 ounces
55
Contains small amounts of glucose proteins lactic acid urea cations and anions also contains some white blood cells
CSF
56
Separated by a thin membrane called septum pellucidum
Lateral ventricles
57
For CSF filled cavities within the brain
Lateral ventricle- one in each hemisphere third ventricle - narrow slitlike cavity along the Midline superior to hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus fourth ventricle- lies between the brain stem and the cerebellum
58
Functions of CSF
Mechanical protection serves as a shock absorbing medium that protects the delicate issues of the brain and spinal cord floats brain and softens impact with bony walls Chemical production optimal ionic concentration for action potential also serves as a transport system for poly peptide hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurons that act after remote sites in the brain Circulation- CSF is a medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the adjacent nervous tissue
59
Capillaries covered by ependymal cell | 2 lateral ventricles one within each cerebral hemisphere roof of third ventricle fourth ventricle
Choroid plexus
60
Formed mainly by tight junctions of brain capillaries endothelial cells
Blood brain barrier
61
Formed by tight junctions of ependymal cells
Blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier
62
Networks of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles
Choroid plexuses
63
Allow CS after exit from the interior of the brain
One median aperture and 2 lateral apertures
64
Narrow oval openings
Inter-ventricular foramina
65
Flow of CSF
1 choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle flows into the third ventricle through interventricular foramina 2 more CSF is added by choroid plexus I the roof of the third ventricle 3 fluid flows through aqueduct of the midbrain Passes thru midbrain into fourth ventricle 4 the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle contributes more CSF 5 CSF enters the subarachnoid space through 3 openings in the roof of the fourth ventricleAsingle median aperture and paired lateral apertures 1 on each side 6 CSF circulates in the central Canal of the spinal cord in the sub arachnoid space around the surface of the brain and spinal cord 7 CSF gradually reabsorbed into the blood through arachnoid villi fingerlike extensions of arachnoid matter project into the dural venous sinusesespecially the superior sagittal sinus
66
Cluster of arachnoid villi
Arachnoid granulation
67
Grape like clusters of arachnoid penetrate
Dural venous sinus
68
The rate for CFC is F is absorbed as it is formed by the choroid plexuses
20 ML per hour 480 ML per day | Read information and rip service in the same pressure of CSF normally is constant volume of CSF remains constant
69
Excess CSF accumulation in the ventricles CSF pressure rises elevated CSF pressure causes
Hydrocephalus
70
Procedure to drain excess CSF
Endoscopic third ventri colostomy
71
Part of the brain between the spinal cord and the diencephalon
Brainstem
72
Continuous with the superior part of the spinal cord forms in for your part of the brainstem begins at the foramina magnum and extends to the inferior border of the ponds a distance of about three CM
Medulla oblongata
73
Contains all sensory sending checks and motor descending tracts extend between the spinal cord and other parts of the brain
Medulla s white matter
74
Protrusions on the anterior aspect of the Medulla. Form by large corticospinal tracts that pass from the cerebrum to the spinal cord. Cortico spinal tracts control voluntary movements of limbs and trying
Pyramids
75
Superior to the junction of medulla with spinal cord 90% of axons in the left. Cross right side 90% of axons in right pyramid cross to the left side the crossing is called
Decussation of pyramids
76
Contains several nuclei
Medulla
77
Regulates the rate and force of heartbeat in diameter a blood vessel
Cardiovascular center
78
Adjust the basic rhythm of breathing
Medullary respiratory center
79
Nuclei in the medulla also control reflexes for vomiting swallowing sneezing coughing and hiccuping
Vomiting center
80
Swallowing of a mass of food that has moved from the oral cavity of the mouth into the pharynx
Deglutition
81
Lateral to each pyramid is an oval-shaped swelling
Olive
82
Receives input from the cerebral cortex red nucleus of the mid brain and spinal cord located with in the Olive
Inferior Olivary nucleus
83
Extend the axons into the cerebellum where they regulate activity of cerebral neurons
Neurons of the inferior olivarynucleus
84
Nuclei associated with sensations of touch pressure, vibration and conscious Proproception are located in the
Posterior part of the medulla
85
Two tracks in the posterior columns of the spinal cord that form synapses in this nuclei
``` Cuneate nucleus (wedge ) Gracile nucleus (slender ) left and right nuclei ```
86
Relay the sensory information to the thalamus on the opposite side of brain
Post synaptic neuron
87
Axons ascends to the thalamus in a band of white matter called
Medial leminiscus | Extends through the medulla pons and mid brain
88
Collectively known as posterior column medial leminiscus pathway
Tracts of the posterior column and axons of the medial leminiscus
89
Five cranial nerves arise from medulla
8 thru 12
90
Sensory neurons
Nucleus gracillis and nucleus cuneatus
91
Contains nuclei that are components of sensory pathways for gustation audition and equilibrium
Medulla
92
Part of the gustatory pathway from the tongue to the taste buds of tongue
Gustatory nucleus
93
Part of auditory pathway from the inner ear to the brain receives auditory input from the cochlea of the inner ear
Cochlear nuclei
94
Of the medulla and pons are composed of the equilibrium pathway from the inner ear to the brain they receive sensory information associated with equilibrium from prior through proprioceptors in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
Vestibular nuclei
95
Medulla contains nuclei associated with five pairs of cranial nerves
Vestibulo cochlear nerves -convey impulses related to hearing Glossopharyngeal nerves -motor impulses related to taste swallowing salivation Vagus nerves -sensory impulses form and provide Motor impulses to the pharynx and larynx's and thoracic and abdominal viscera via vagus Accessory nerves this fibers are actually part of the Vegas nerves -nuclei in the medulla are the origin of nerve impulses the control swallowing via the Vegas nerve Hypoglossal nerve- nuclei in medulla are the origin for nerve impulses that control tongue movements during speech and swallowing via hypoglossal nerves
96
Lies directly superior to the medulla and inferior to the cerebellum and is about 2.5 CM long
Pons
97
Like the medulla it consists of both nuclei and tracts.Is the bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another these connections are provided by bundles of axons. Some axons of the pons connect the right and left sides of the cerebellum other parts others are part of ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts.
Pons
98
Two major structural components of pons
Ventral region and dorsal region ventral region forms large synoptic relay station consisting of scattered gray centers called Pontine nuclei Dorsal region more like the other region of the brain stem the medulla and midbrain. Contains ascending and descending tracts along with the nuclei of cranial nerves
99
Together with the medullary respiratory center this group helps control breathing
Pontine respiratory group
100
Pons also contains nuclei associated with the four pairs of cranial nerves
Trigeminal nerve's -nuclei in the pons receives sensory impulses for somatic sensations from the head and face and provide motor impulses that govern chewing via the trigeminal nerve's Abducens nerve- nuclei in the pons provide motor impulses that control Eye ball movement via abducens nerve Facial nerves -nuclei in the pons receive sensory impulses for taste and provide motor impulses to regulate secretion of saliva tears and contraction of muscles of facial expression via the facial nerves Vestibulocochlear nerves nuclei in the ponds receives sensory impulses from and provide motor impulses to Vestibular apparatus via the vestibulocochlear nerves this nerves convey involves related to balance and equilibrium
101
Portion of the central nervous system contained with in the cranium. Has a mass of about 1300 g almost 3 pounds in adults on average each neuron forms 1000 synapses with other neurons total number of synapses since about 1000 trillion is larger than the number of stars in our galaxy. Contributes to homeostasis by receiving sensory input integrating new and stored information making decisions and executing responses to motor activities
Brain
102
Control center for registering sensations correlating them with one another which stored information decision making taking actions center for intellect emotions behavior in memory directs behavior towards others
Brain
103
Control center of the human body
Brain
104
Develop from Ectodermal neural tube
Brain and spinal cord
105
Constrictions in the expanded neural tube create three regions called
Primary brain vesicles
106
Three primary brain vesicles
Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon
107
Prosencephalon and Rhombencephalon subdivide forming
Secondary brain vesicles
108
Forebrain, gives rise to the telencephalon and diencephalon
Prosencephalon
109
Hindbrain develops into the metencephalon and MyelenCephalon
RhombenCephalon
110
Five secondary brain vesicles
``` Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon metencephalon Myelencephalon ```
111
Develops into the cerebrum and lateral ventricles
Telencephalon
112
Forms the thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus and third ventricle
Diencephalon
113
Also called the midbrain gives rise to the midbrain and aqueduct off the midbrain
Mesencephalon
114
Becomes the pons cerebellum and upper part of the fourth ventricle
Metencephalon
115
Forms the medulla oblongata and lower part of the fourth ventricle
Myelencephalon
116
Fluid filled space
Ventricles
117
Walls of brain regions develop into
Nervous tissue
118
Hollow interior of the tube is transformed into
Various ventricles
119
Becomes prominent in head development
Expanded neural crest tissue
120
Major parts of the brain
Brain Stem cerebellum Cerebrum Diencephalon
121
Is continues with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons in midbrain
Brain stem
122
Posterior to the brainstem
Cerebellum
123
Superior to the brainstem
Diencephalon
124
Consists of the thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus
Diencephalon
125
Supported on the diencephalon and brainstem
Cerebrum
126
Largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
127
Surround and protect the brain
Cranium and cranial meninges
128
Continues with the spinal meninges
Cranial meninges
129
Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater
Cranial meninges
130
Has 2 layers
Cranial dura mater
131
Has only one layer
Spinal dura Mater
132
The 2 dural layers are called
``` Periosteal layer (external) Meningeal layer (internal) ```
133
Drains venous blood from the brain and deliver it into the internal jugular veins
Endothelial lined venous channel
134
Three extensions of the Dura Mater separates parts of the brain
``` Falx cerebri (separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum Falx cerebelli (separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum Tentorium cerebelli (separates ten cerebrum from the cerebellum ```
135
Blood flows to the brain mainly via the
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
136
To bring represents only 2% of total body weight but consumes about 20% of
Oxygen and glucose used by the body even when resting
137
Neurons synthesize ATP almost exclusively from
Glucose via reactions that use oxygen
138
When activity of neurons and neuroglia increases in a region of the brain bloodflow to that area also
Increases
139
A brief slowing of brain bloodflow may cause
This orientation or lack of consciousness
140
Interruption in bloodflow for a minute or two impairs
Neuronal function
141
Total deprivation of oxygen for about four minutes causes
Permanent injury
142
If blood entering the brain has a low level of glucose
Mental confusion dizziness: convulsions and loss of consciousness may occur
143
Characterize by seizure, and possibly death
Diabetic shock
144
Consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the Endothelia cells of brain blood capillaries and a thick membrane surrounding the capillaries
Blood brain barrier
145
One type of neuroglia
Astrocytes
146
Protect cells from some toxins and pathogens proteins and antibiotics cannot pass but alcohol and anesthetics do
Blood brain barrier
147
The process of many astrocytes press up against the capillaries and secrete chemicals maintain the
Permeability characteristics of the tight junction
148
Water-soluble substances
Glucose
149
Proteins and most antibiotic drugs do not pass at all from the
Blood into brain tissue
150
Lipid soluble substances such as oxygen carbon dioxide alcohol and most anesthetic agents are able to
Access brain tissue freely
151
Cause of breakdown of the blood brain barrier
Trauma certain toxins and inflammation
152
The brain is protected by
Cranial bones and cranial meninges
153
Clear colorless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries it also carries small amounts of oxygen glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia
CSF
154
Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord and around the brain and spinal cord in the sub arachnoid space
CSF
155
Total volume of CSF
80 to 150 ML or 3 to 5 ounces
156
Contains small amounts of glucose proteins lactic acid urea cations and anions also contains some white blood cells
CSF
157
Separated by a thin membrane called septum pellucidum
Lateral ventricles
158
For CSF filled cavities within the brain
Lateral ventricle- one in each hemisphere third ventricle - narrow slitlike cavity along the Midline superior to hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus fourth ventricle- lies between the brain stem and the cerebellum
159
Functions of CSF
Mechanical protection serves as a shock absorbing medium that protects the delicate issues of the brain and spinal cord floats brain and softens impact with bony walls Chemical production optimal ionic concentration for action potential also serves as a transport system for poly peptide hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurons that act after remote sites in the brain Circulation- CSF is a medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the adjacent nervous tissue
160
Capillaries covered by ependymal cell | 2 lateral ventricles one within each cerebral hemisphere roof of third ventricle fourth ventricle
Choroid plexus
161
Formed mainly by tight junctions of brain capillaries endothelial cells
Blood brain barrier
162
Formed by tight junctions of ependymal cells
Blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier
163
Networks of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles
Choroid plexuses
164
Allow CS after exit from the interior of the brain
One median aperture and 2 lateral apertures
165
Narrow oval openings
Inter-ventricular foramina
166
Flow of CSF
1 choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle flows into the third ventricle through interventricular foramina 2 more CSF is added by choroid plexus I the roof of the third ventricle 3 fluid flows through aqueduct of the midbrain Passes thru midbrain into fourth ventricle 4 the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle contributes more CSF 5 CSF enters the subarachnoid space through 3 openings in the roof of the fourth ventricleAsingle median aperture and paired lateral apertures 1 on each side 6 CSF circulates in the central Canal of the spinal cord in the sub arachnoid space around the surface of the brain and spinal cord 7 CSF gradually reabsorbed into the blood through arachnoid villi fingerlike extensions of arachnoid matter project into the dural venous sinusesespecially the superior sagittal sinus
167
Cluster of arachnoid villi
Arachnoid granulation
168
Grape like clusters of arachnoid penetrate
Dural venous sinus
169
The rate for CFC is F is absorbed as it is formed by the choroid plexuses
20 ML per hour 480 ML per day | Read information and rip service in the same pressure of CSF normally is constant volume of CSF remains constant
170
Excess CSF accumulation in the ventricles CSF pressure rises elevated CSF pressure causes
Hydrocephalus
171
Procedure to drain excess CSF
Endoscopic third ventri colostomy
172
Part of the brain between the spinal cord and the diencephalon
Brainstem
173
Continuous with the superior part of the spinal cord forms in for your part of the brainstem begins at the foramina magnum and extends to the inferior border of the ponds a distance of about three CM
Medulla oblongata
174
Contains all sensory sending checks and motor descending tracts extend between the spinal cord and other parts of the brain
Medulla s white matter
175
Protrusions on the anterior aspect of the Medulla. Form by large corticospinal tracts that pass from the cerebrum to the spinal cord. Cortico spinal tracts control voluntary movements of limbs and trying
Pyramids
176
Superior to the junction of medulla with spinal cord 90% of axons in the left. Cross right side 90% of axons in right pyramid cross to the left side the crossing is called
Decussation of pyramids
177
Contains several nuclei
Medulla
178
Regulates the rate and force of heartbeat in diameter a blood vessel
Cardiovascular center
179
Adjust the basic rhythm of breathing
Medullary respiratory center
180
Nuclei in the medulla also control reflexes for vomiting swallowing sneezing coughing and hiccuping
Vomiting center
181
Swallowing of a mass of food that has moved from the oral cavity of the mouth into the pharynx
Deglutition
182
Lateral to each pyramid is an oval-shaped swelling
Olive
183
Receives input from the cerebral cortex red nucleus of the mid brain and spinal cord located with in the Olive
Inferior Olivary nucleus
184
Extend the axons into the cerebellum where they regulate activity of cerebral neurons
Neurons of the inferior olivarynucleus
185
Nuclei associated with sensations of touch pressure, vibration and conscious Proproception are located in the
Posterior part of the medulla
186
Two tracks in the posterior columns of the spinal cord that form synapses in this nuclei
``` Cuneate nucleus (wedge ) Gracile nucleus (slender ) left and right nuclei ```
187
Relay the sensory information to the thalamus on the opposite side of brain
Post synaptic neuron
188
Axons ascends to the thalamus in a band of white matter called
Medial leminiscus | Extends through the medulla pons and mid brain
189
Collectively known as posterior column medial leminiscus pathway
Tracts of the posterior column and axons of the medial leminiscus
190
Five cranial nerves arise from medulla
8 thru 12
191
Sensory neurons
Nucleus gracillis and nucleus cuneatus
192
Contains nuclei that are components of sensory pathways for gustation audition and equilibrium
Medulla
193
Part of the gustatory pathway from the tongue to the taste buds of tongue
Gustatory nucleus
194
Part of auditory pathway from the inner ear to the brain receives auditory input from the cochlea of the inner ear
Cochlear nuclei
195
Of the medulla and pons are composed of the equilibrium pathway from the inner ear to the brain they receive sensory information associated with equilibrium from prior through proprioceptors in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
Vestibular nuclei
196
Medulla contains nuclei associated with five pairs of cranial nerves
Vestibulo cochlear nerves -convey impulses related to hearing Glossopharyngeal nerves -motor impulses related to taste swallowing salivation Vagus nerves -sensory impulses form and provide Motor impulses to the pharynx and larynx's and thoracic and abdominal viscera via vagus Accessory nerves this fibers are actually part of the Vegas nerves -nuclei in the medulla are the origin of nerve impulses the control swallowing via the Vegas nerve Hypoglossal nerve- nuclei in medulla are the origin for nerve impulses that control tongue movements during speech and swallowing via hypoglossal nerves
197
Lies directly superior to the medulla and inferior to the cerebellum and is about 2.5 CM long
Pons
198
Like the medulla it consists of both nuclei and tracts.Is the bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another these connections are provided by bundles of axons. Some axons of the pons connect the right and left sides of the cerebellum other parts others are part of ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts.
Pons
199
Two major structural components of pons
Ventral region and dorsal region ventral region forms large synoptic relay station consisting of scattered gray centers called Pontine nuclei Dorsal region more like the other region of the brain stem the medulla and midbrain. Contains ascending and descending tracts along with the nuclei of cranial nerves
200
Together with the medullary respiratory center this group helps control breathing
Pontine respiratory group
201
Pons also contains nuclei associated with the four pairs of cranial nerves
Trigeminal nerve's -nuclei in the pons receives sensory impulses for somatic sensations from the head and face and provide motor impulses that govern chewing via the trigeminal nerve's Abducens nerve- nuclei in the pons provide motor impulses that control Eye ball movement via abducens nerve Facial nerves -nuclei in the pons receive sensory impulses for taste and provide motor impulses to regulate secretion of saliva tears and contraction of muscles of facial expression via the facial nerves Vestibulocochlear nerves nuclei in the ponds receives sensory impulses from and provide motor impulses to Vestibular apparatus via the vestibulocochlear nerves this nerves convey involves related to balance and equilibrium
202
Portion of the central nervous system contained with in the cranium. Has a mass of about 1300 g almost 3 pounds in adults on average each neuron forms 1000 synapses with other neurons total number of synapses since about 1000 trillion is larger than the number of stars in our galaxy. Contributes to homeostasis by receiving sensory input integrating new and stored information making decisions and executing responses to motor activities
Brain
203
Medulla consists of 5 cranial nerves
Vestibulocochlear- hearing Glossopharyngeal - taste, swallowing. Salivation Vagus- motor impulses to pharynx larynx thoracic and abdominal viscera Accessory- fibers part of vagus control swallowing Hypogossal- control tongue movement during speech and swallowing
204
Pons contain nuclei associated with 4 pairs of cranial nerves
Trigeminal impulses for somatic sensations from head and face govern chewing abducens nerves control Eye ball movement Facial nerves regulate secretion of saliva in tears and contraction of muscles of facial expression Vestibulocochlear learners nerves convey impulses related to balance and equilibrium
205
Extends from the ponds to the diencephalon about an inch long Contains nuclei and tracts the aqueduct of the midbrain passes through the midbrain connecting the third ventricle above and the fourth ventricle below
Mid brain or mesenCephalon
206
Inferior part of the midbrain that contains paired bundles of axons which conduct nerve impulses from motor areas in the cerebral cortex to spinal cord medulla and pons respectively Cluster of motor and sensory fibers
Cerebral peduncles
207
Posterior part of the midbrain contains four rounded elevations to superior elevations nuclei known as the superior call Colliculi that serves as reflex centers for certain visual activities and to inferior elevations the inferior colliculi part of the auditory part pathway. Relaying impulses for the receptors for hearing in the inner to the brain
Tectum
208
Inferior and superior colliculi are two nuclei also reflex centers for the
Startle reflex meaning sudden movements of had ice trunk that occur when you're surprised by loud noise such as gunshot
209
The midbrain contains several other nuclei including the left and right
Substantia nigra - large and darkly pigmented substance
210
Helps control subconscious muscle activities
Neurons that release dopamine extending from the substantia nigra to the basal nuclei
211
Help control sub subconscious muscle activity
Substantia nigra
212
Rich blood supply and iron containing pigment cortex and cerebellum coordinate muscular movements by sending information here from the cortex and cerebellum
Red nucleus
213
Superior and inferior colliculi coordinate Eye movements with visual stimuli coordinate head movements with auditory stimuli
Corpora quadrigemina
214
Superior oblique Eye muscle
Trochlear nerve
215
Mid brain associated with two pairs of cranial nerves
Oculo motor nerves provide motor control to smooth muscles regulate constriction of the pupil and changes shape of the lens.provide motor impulses that control movements of the eyeball Trochlear nerve's provide impulse control movements of the eyeball
216
Brainstem consist of small clusters of neuronal cell bodies or gray matter in thirst bed among some small bundles of
Myelinated axons white matter
217
Broad region were white Mater and gray Mater exhibit a netlike arrangement. Scattered nuclei and medulla pons and midbrain reticular activity system alerts Cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken from sleep maintains consciousness and helps keep you awake with stimuli from ears eyes skin and muscle motor function is involvementwith maintaining muscle tone
Reticular formation
218
4 extrinsic eye muscle 2 intrinsic eye muscle accommodation for near vision construction of pupil
Occulomotor nerve
219
Raises eyelids (ptosis)
Levator palpebrae
220
Most important function of RAS
Consciousness a state of wakefulness in which an individual is for the alert aware and oriented
221
Activities that can stimulate the R a S to help maintain consciousness
Visual and auditory stimuli and mental activities
222
Also active during a arousal or awakening from sleep. Helps maintain attention and alertness prevents sensory overload by filtering out in significant information so that it does not reach consciousness
R a S
223
Produces sleep state of partial consciousness from which an individual can be aroused
In activation of the R a S
224
Damage to our RAS can result to
ComaI stayed off on consciousness from which an individual cannot be aroused
225
In the lightest stages of coma bring stem and spinal cord reflexes persist but in the deepest states even does reflexes are lost and if respiratory and cardiovascular controls are lost
Patient dies
226
Drugs that affect the R a S by helping induce sleep in general anesthetics turn off consciousness via the R a S
Drugs such as melatonin
227
Slight degree of involuntary contraction in normal resting skeletal muscles
Muscle tone
228
Even though RAS receives input from the eyes ears and other sensory receptors there is no
Input from receptors for The sense of smell even strong odors may fail to cause arousal
229
Also assist in the regulation of heart rate blood pressure and respiratory rate
R a S
230
To cerebellar hemispheres and vermis which is the central area Correct voluntary muscle contraction and posture based on sensory data from body about actual movements sense of equilibrium
Cerebellum
231
Second only to the cerebrum incise occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity highly folded surface that greatly increases the surface area of its outer gray matter cortex allowing for a greater number of neurons accounts for about a 10th of the brain mass contains half of the neurons in the brain
Cerebellum
232
Posterior to the medulla and pons and inferior to the posterior portion of the cerebrum
Cerebellum
233
Supports the posterior part of the cerebrum separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
Tentorium cerebelli | transverse fissure - deep groove
234
Cerebellar cortex and Folia and central nuclei
Gray matter
235
Arbor vitae, tree of life
White matter
236
Central constricted area
Vermis or worm
237
Lateral wings or lobes
Cerebellar hemispheres
238
Govern subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements
Anterior and posterior lobe
239
they inferior surface contributes to equilibrium and balance
Flocculonodular lobe
240
Superficial layer of the cerebellum called cerebellar cortex consist of gray matter in a series of slender parallel folds called
Folia
241
Regions of gray matter that give rise to Axons carrying impulses from the cerebellum to other brain centers
Cerebellar nuclei
242
Attach the cerebellum to the brainstem bundles of white matter consists of axons that conduct impulses between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain
Cerebellar peduncles
243
Contains axons that extend from the cerebellum to the red nuclei of the midbrain into several nuclei of the thalamus
Superior cerebellar peduncle's
244
Largest peduncles axons carry impulses for voluntary movements from the Pontine nuclei into the cerebellum
Middle cerebellar peduncles
245
Carries motor fibers that extend to motor control areas
Superior cerebellar peduncle's
246
Surrounds third ventricle Superior part of walls is the thalamus inferior part of walls and floor is the hypothalamus
Diencephalon
247
Locate is superior to the midbrain and contains nuclei that serves as relates stations for all sensory impulses except for Smell to the cerebral cortex Seven major groups of thalamic nuclei on each side They are the anterior nucleus medial nuclei lateral group ventral group intralaminar nuclei midline nucleus and reticular nucleus Registers conscious recognition of pain and temperature and some awareness of light touch and pressure plays an essential role in awareness and acquisition of knowledge
Thalamus
248
One inch long mass of gray matter in each half brain connect across the third ventricle by intermediate mass relay station for sensory information on the way to cortex crude perception of some sensations
Thalamus
249
Nuclei have different roles relays auditory and visual impulses taste and somatic sensations receives impulses from cerebellum or basal ganglia interior nucleus concerned with emotions memory and acquisition of knowledge
Thalamic nuclei
250
Inferior to the thalamus for major regions Mamillary ,Tuberal ,supraoptic and pre-optic Controls many body activities and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis functions controls the ANS produces hormones functions in regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns regulates eating drinkingthrough the feeding center satiety center and thirst center aids in controlling body temperature regulates circadian rhythms and states of consciousness
Hypothalamus
251
Major regulatory of homeostasis receive somatic and visceral input taste smell hearing information monitors osmotic pressure temperature of blood Dozen or so nuclei in for major regions mammillary bodies are relay station for olfactory reflexes infundibulum suspend the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
252
Lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the penial gland and the habenular nuclei
Epithalamus
253
Secretes melatonin to instill when's the diurnal cycles in conjunction with the hypothalamus
Pineal gland
254
Involved in olfactions specially emotional responses to odors
Habenular nuclei
255
Endocrine gland the size of a small Pea secretes melatonin during darkness promotes sleepiness and sets biological clock
Pineal gland
256
Parts of diencephalon are called
Circumventricular organs- Lie in the wall of the third ventricle can Montador chemical changes in the blood they lack blood brain barrier
257
Include part of the hypothalamus pineal gland pituitary gland and few other nearby Nearby structures these regions coordinate homeostatic activities of the nervous system such as the regulation of blood pressure fluid balance hunger and thirst are also thought to be decides of entry into the brain of HIV the virus this causes AIDS
Circumventricular organs
258
Lies immediately inferior to the thalamus includes tracts and paired Subthalmic nuclei which connect to motor areas of the cerebrum Sub thalamic nuclei and red nucleus and substantian nigra of the midbrain work together with the basal ganglia cerebellum and cerebrum in control of body movements
Sub thalamus
259
The largest part of the brain the surface layer the cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm thick composed of gray matter contains billions of neurons Cortex contain gyri, deep grooves called Fissures and shallower sulci Beneath the cortex lies the cerebral white matter tracts that connects parts of the brain with itself and other parts of the nervous system newly separated into the right and left halves called hemispheres to the longtitudinal fissure internally remains connected by the corpus callosum - bundle of transverse white fibers
Cerebrum
260
A commissure connecting left and right cerebral hemisphere
Corpus callosum
261
Each cerebral hemisphere is further subdivided into four lobes by sulci and lobes
Frontal parietal temporal occipital
262
Fifth part of the cerebrum lies deep to the parietal | frontal and temporal lobes and cannot be seen in an external view of the brain
Insula
263
``` Longitudinal fissure - green Frontal lobe Central sulcus - yellow - pre and post central gyrus Parietal lobe Parieto occipital sulcus Occipital lobe Lateral sulcus - blue Temporal lobe Insula ```
Lobes in fissures
264
Under the cortex and consist of myelinated axon's running in three principal directions association fibers connect and transmit nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere Commissural fibers connect gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the opposite hemisphere projection fibers form ascending and descending tracts the transmit impulses from the cerebrum other parts of the brain and spinal cord
White matter
265
. Masses of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere connects to read nucleus substantia Nigra and sub thalamus input and output with cerebral cortex Salamis and hypothalamus control large automatic movements of skeletal muscles
Basal ganglia
266
Known as the corpus striatum Nearby structures functionally linked to the basal ganglia are the substantia nigra and subthalamic nuclei responsible for helping to control muscular movements
Lentiform and caudate
267
Help Initiate and terminate cognitive processes obsessive compulsive disorder schizophrenia chronic anxiety are thought to involve dysfunction of the circuits between the basal ganglias and limbic system
Basal ganglia
268
Damage to the basal ganglia's result in
Tremor rigidity and involuntary muscle movements in Parkinson's disease neurons from the substantia nigra to the putamen an caudate nucleus degenerate

Biology (8 decks)

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