Final Flashcards
1
Q
The thalamus
A
All sensory impulses except smell; cognition, temp, pain, pressure
2
Q
Vitreous chamber
A
Larger post. cavity of the eyeball
3
Q
Anterior chamber
A
Lies b/n cornea and iris
4
Q
Anterior cavity
A
Space ant. to lens
5
Q
The cerebrum
A
Largest part of the brain divided by two hemispheres; composed of gray matter
6
Q
A sensory receptor may be classified by
A
Sensory modality
7
Q
Touch
A
Crude or discriminative
8
Q
Nociceptors
A
Detect tissue damage
9
Q
Proprioceptors
A
Muscle, tendon, joint, internal ear; senses body position and mvmt.
10
Q
Smell
A
Olfaction
11
Q
Olfactory receptors
A
Detect inhaled chemicals
12
Q
Rods
A
Provides vision of dim light
13
Q
The area of highest visual acuity
A
Fovea centralis
14
Q
The lens
A
Helps focus images on the retina
15
Q
The inner ear
A
Labyrinth/ series of canals
16
Q
The hair cells of the spiral organ
A
Receptors for hearing
17
Q
The cerebellum
A
Equilibrium; voluntary muscle contraction and posture
18
Q
Which meninges has two layers
A
Cranial dura mater
19
Q
Which brain region contains pineal gland
A
Epithalamus
20
Q
The main fxn of muscle spindles
A
Measure muscle length
21
Q
Proprioception means awareness
A
Of self/ one’s own
22
Q
Olfactory receptors are found
A
Within the plasma membranes of the olfactory cilia
23
Q
Taste buds are found on
A
Tongue, soft palate, pharynx and epiglottis
24
Q
Binocular vision
A
Both eyes focus on only one set of objects.
25
The lens is made of layers of proteins
Crystallins
26
The first step in the visual transduction
Absorption of light by a photopigment
27
Which of the following are proprioceptors found in
Joints
28
Receptors involved in maintenance of dynamic equilibrium
Mechanoreceptors
29
Receptors involved in hearing
Mechanoreceptors/ exteroceptors
30
Stimulus to sleep
Adenosine
31
Cones
Provides color vision in brighter light
32
Visual acuity
Sharpness of vision
33
Body temp.
Thalamus
34
Body position
Cerebellum
35
Pain
Thalamus; nociceptors; acute v chronic, somatic v visceral, superficial v deep
36
Vermis
Central area of cerebellum; (="worm")
37
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis; ANS; hormones, emotion and behavior
38
Diencephalon and telencephalon
Arise from the prosencephalon
39
Midbrain and central aqueduct
Connects 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle
40
Epithalamus
Sup. and post. to thalamus; diurnal cycles and olfaction, emotional responses to odors
41
Voluntary mvmt. from cerebrum to cerebellum
Pons
42
Vomiting
Medulla; expulsion of contents from upper GI tract
43
Sneezing
Medulla; spasmodic contraction of breathing muscles that expel air through mouth and nose
44
Coughing
Medulla; deep inhalation followed by strong exhalation sending blast of air thru upper respiratory passage
45
Division that decreases heart rate
Parasympathetic
46
Controls voluntary skeletal muscle contraction
Cerebellum
47
Somatic and visceral senses
General senses
48
Vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell
Special senses
49
Touch, tickle, itch and pain
Nerve impulses from somatic sensory receptors received by primary somatosensory areas
50
Highly vascular; provides nutrients to posterior side of retina
Choroid
51
Structures that change the shape of the lens
Ciliary muscles
52
Near-sightedness
Myopia
53
Far-sightedness associated with aging
Presbyopia
54
Eardrum
Tympanic membrane
55
Diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
56
Mesencephalon
Midbrain
57
Metencephalon
Pons, cerebellum and part of 4th ventricle
58
Prosencephalon
Forebrain
59
Rhombencephalon
Hindbrain
60
Adenosine
Inhibits cholinergic neurons in the RAS that participate in arousal
61
Consciousness
State of wakefulness; fully alert; aware and oriented
62
NREM sleep
Consists of 4 stages, no dreams
63
REM sleep
Where dreaming occurs
64
Organ of Corti
Organ of hearing
65
Oval window
Opening in ear in which footplates of stapes fit
66
Round window
Small opening between middle and internal ear
67
Cerebral peduncles
Conduct impulses between cerebellum and other parts of the brain
68
Midbrain
Part of the brain between pons and the diencephalon
69
Reticular formation
Broad region where white matter and gray matter exhibit a netlike arrangement; helps maintain consciousness, cause awakening, and contributes to regulation of muscle tone
70
Auricle
Flap of cartilage covered by skin
71
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum; sound waves cause it to vibrate, which in turn causes malleus to vibrate
72
The reticular formation
Alerts to sensory signals; awakening
73
Somatic nervous system
PNS; consists of somatic sensory (afferent) neurons and somatic motor (efferent) neurons
74
Normal vision associated with a correctly shaped eyeball
Emmetropia
75
Visceral senses
Provide info. about conditions within the internal organs
76
Olfactory receptors
Detect inhaled chemicals
77
Controlled by hypothalamus
Autonomic nervous system
78
Adrenal medulla
Secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons
79
Autonomic plexuses
Networks of sympathetic and parasympathetic axons (e.g. cardiac plexus)
80
Tendon organ
Proprioceptive receptor sensitive to changes in muscle tension and force of contraction; found ear junctions of tendons and muscles
81
CSF
Clear liquid containing glucose, proteins and ions; mechanical and chemical protection, circulation
82
Medulla oblongata
Ascending sensory and descending motor tracts; cardio and respi center
83
Pons
Sup. to medulla, relays impulses to voluntary skeletal muscles
84
Subthalamus
Connect to motor areas of the cerebrum; body mvmt. control alongside basal ganglia, cerebellum and cerebrum
85
Basal ganglia
Gray matter that control large automatic mvmts. of skeletal muscle
86
Limbic system
Emotional aspects of behavior and memory; pleasure and pain
87
Hemispheric lateralization
Left side: right handed control, language, numerical and statistical skills
Right side: left handed control, creativity
88
Adaptation
Change in sensitivity to long-lasting stimuli
89
Tactile receptors
Meissner's corpuscles, hair root plexuses, type I, type II mechanoreceptors, lamellated corpuscles, free nerve endings
90
Lower motor neuron
From brain stem or spinal cord to skeletal muscles
91
Cranial nerves
Part of peripheral nervous system; pass through bases in the cranium and arise from the brain
92
Controlled by facial nerve
(Sensory) Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue; touch, pain, heat from skin in external ear canal
(Motor) muscles of facial expression, middle ear muscle, secretion of tears and saliva
93
Pyramids are
Protrusions on the ant. aspect of the medulla
94
White rami
Connect the ant. ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
95
Enteric nervous system
Nerves and ganglia within the wall of the GI tract
96
Muscle spindles
Measure muscle length; input used to coordinate muscle contractions
97
General senses
Somatic and visceral senses
98
Special senses
Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium
99
Sensory modality
Each diff. type of sensation
100
Parasympathetic division
Rest and digest
101
Sympathetic division
Fight or flight
102
Somatic senses
Sensory receptors embedded in skin or subcutaneous layer
103
Plasticity
Capability for change associated with learning
104
Caffeine
Prevent adenosine from binding and inducing sleep
105
Olfaction
Sense of smell
106
Olfactory glands
Bowman's glands; produce mucus that is carried to the surface of the epithelium by ducts
107
Basal cells
Stem cells undergoing division to produce new olfactory cells
108
Supporting cells
Columnar epithelial cells lining the nose, provide support, nourishment and electrical insulation
109
The olfactory tract
Axons of olfactory bulb neurons
110
Cornea
Transparent coat that covers the iris
111
The fibrous tunic of the eye
Is the superficial layer of the eyeball and consists of the ant. cornea and post. sclera
112
Amacrine cells
Modify signals transmitted from photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion
113
Crystalline
Proteins that make up the refractive media of the lens
114
Aqueous humor
Transparent watery fluid that nourishes the lens and cornea
115
Color vision
Stimulation of various combinations of blue, green and red cones
116
Cornea
Transparent coat that covers the iris
117
Iris
Colored portion of the eyeball
118
Sclera
White of the eye
119
Ciliary body
Contains melanin-producing melanocytes, ciliary processes and ciliary muscle
120
Choroid
Lines most of the internal surface of the sclera
121
Hyperopia
Farsightedness
122
Myopia
Nearsightedness
123
Astigmatism
Cornea or lens has irregular curvature
124
Emmetropia
Sufficient refraction of light rays, focusing a clear image on the retina
125
Presbyopia
Due to aging, lens loses elasticity and ability to focus on objects up close
126
Incus
Middle ear bone that articulates with the head of the stapes
127
Stapes
Base/ footplate
128
Malleus
"Handle" attaches to the internal surface of the tympanic membrane
129
Auditory tube
Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx
130
Semicircular canals
Filled with endolymph, contain cristae that are concerned with dynamic equilibrium
131
Autonomic nervous system
Self governing, visceral sensory (afferent) and visceral motor (efferent)
132
Ganglion
Group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the CNS
133
Postganglionic neuron
Unmyelinated axon ending at cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or gland; 2nd autonomic neuron
134
Preganglionic neuron
Myelinated axon ending in an autonomous ganglion; synapses with postganglionic neuron; 1st autonomic motor neuron
135
Indirect motor pathways
Convey info. from the brain down the spinal cord for mvmt.; ("extra pyramidal pathways")
136
Gamma motor neuron
Type of lower motor neuron that takes part in muscle contraction
137
Kinesthetic receptors
Found in muscles, tendons and joints; monitor position
138
Sympathetic ganglia
Deliver info. to the body about stress and impending danger
139
Parasympathetic ganglia
Supply parasympathetic innervation to the head or neck
140
Autonomic tone is regulated
Hypothalamus
141
Visceral pain results from stimulating
Nociceptors
142
These receptor cells sense of taste
Gustatory
143
Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland
Sty
144
Correct order in the flow of tears
Lacrimal gland, excretory lacrimal duct, sup. or inf. lacrimal canal, nasolacrimal duct, lacrimal sac, nasal cavity
145
How many extrinsic eye muscles
Six
146
Lies between the lens and the retina
Vitreous canal
147
This darkly pigmented structure reduces light
Choroid
148
This outer layer of dense connective tissue of the eye ball
Sclera
149
Olfactory hair cells
Cover the epithelium and respond to particular chemicals
150
Ganglion neurons
Cluster of interconnected neurons
151
Basal forebrain
Collection of structures below the striatum
152
Vibrations directly from the stapes
Occur in the oval window
153
Ossicle known as the anvil
Incus
154
Two layers of muscles which adjust diameter of pupil
Sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae
155
Controls response to a threat to survival
Autonomic
