Chapter 14

Question 1

settlers on the frontier

Answer 1

poorly fed, ill-clad, poorly built houses
disease, depression, and premature death
lonlieness (especially women)
men wrestled for indpendence
fiercly independent

Question 2

ecological imperialism

Answer 2

exhausted land in tabacco regiona and kept moving W
burned cane fields and housed livestock in kentucky
fur trappers in Rockies
near-extinction of beavers, buffalo, sea otters

Question 3

increase of populations

Answer 3

pop increased as they moved W
doubled every 25 yrs
rapid urbanization
immigration
180000-240000/ yr
steamships brought people cheaper and quicker

Question 4

the irish

Answer 4

potato famine
located in seaboard cities in slums
scorned by older As
lowly jobs: factory workers and domestic workers
slowly improved and aquired property
conflicts w/ black popuation
politicians wanted irish vote

Question 5

ancient order of hiberians

Answer 5

irish secret society that helped the downtrodden

Question 6

the german forty eighters

Answer 6

b/w 1830-1860, more than 1 min germans came to USA
uprooted farmers, and liberal political refugess
possed modest goods
most went to mid-w and kept to themselves in small communities
influential body of voters
better educated than As
culture
anti-slavery

Question 7

fears of the nativitists

Answer 7

immigrants would outbree, outvote, and overwhelm them
took their jobs
catholocism

Question 8

know-nothing party

Answer 8

wanted restrictions on immigration
wrote books to “expose” catholocisn
mass violcnece: burned catholic curches and schools

Question 9

slow to the factory system

Answer 9

land was cheap
labor was scarce
not much money for capital investment
had to import coal
difficultly competing w/ european goods

Question 10

textile factories

Answer 10

samuel slater
1971: 1st A machine to spin cotton thread
cotton gin
factories flourised in new eng

Question 11

samuel slater

Answer 11

memorized plans of british textiles machine and brought them to US

Question 12

Cotton gin

Answer 12

eli whitney
revived the need for slavery

Question 13

n eng good for factories

Answer 13

not suitable for farming
dense population was good source for labor and building a market
rivers could turn the machines
seaports made it easy to import raw materials

Question 14

interchangeable parts

Answer 14

make each part of a musket the same, so if it breaks, it can be replaced
eli ehitney
basis of modern-mass production adn assembly lines

Question 15

sewing machine

Answer 15

elias howe

Question 16

patent office

Answer 16

28000 patents by 1838

Question 17

limited liability

Answer 17

aided concentration of capital by letting the individual investor risk no more than his own share
boston associates: investment capital company

Question 18

changes imn businesses

Answer 18

limited liablity
busniessmen didnt need charter from legislature to build business

Question 19

wage slaves

Answer 19

workers crowded in slums
hours long, wages low
forbidden to form unions
child workers

Question 20

adult workers

Answer 20

improved in 1820s and 1830s
got right to vote and aligned w/ AJ
slowly got 10 hr workdays

Question 21

strikes in the 1830s and 40s

Answer 21

most for higher wages
lost more than they won
300000 trade unionists by 1830
commonwealth v Hunt: labor unions were leagal and honorable

Question 22

women in factories

Answer 22

offered more economic independence
worket 12 to 13 hrs, 6 days a week
suprivised on adn off the job
forbidden to form unions

Question 23

women in society

Answer 23

factory worker, domestic service, and teaching
most were single
as wives, commanded immense mroal power in teh household
families grew smaller

Question 24

domestic feminism

Answer 24

signified the growing independce and power of women

Question 25

western road building

Answer 25

expensive
states’ righters opposed federal aid to local projects
E states protested that their pops were deceasing
Cumberland road from W maryland to Illinois
Lancaster Turnpike in Penn

Question 26

steamboat craze

Answer 26

ships could defy wind, waves, and currents
streams became 2-way “roads”
population clusterd around rivers
shipping at a low cost

Question 27

erie canal

Answer 27

ny
connected great lakes to the hudson river
Ny governor Dewitt clinton promoted canals
cheaper, more effiecient shipping
new cities
value of land along canal increased

Question 28

the iron horse

Answer 28

1st railroad in 1828
opposition from acanl-backers
were dangerous
slowly became more reliable

Question 29

clipper ships

Answer 29

sacrified space for speed
bit as good as brit ships

Question 30

pony express

Answer 30

cary mail from missouri to cali
communication by horse and stage coahc
gets replaced by telegraph

Question 31

division of labor on a national level

Answer 31

s raised cotton for export to new eng and britain
w grew grain and livestock to feed factory workers
e made machines and textiles
transpotarion binds the union

Question 32

market revolution

Answer 32

factory goods created a division of labor and status
increased prosperity
widened gap b/w rich and poor

Question 33

lowell girls

Answer 33

young, wingle women
recruited from farms
strict regulations
paid for on-site boarding hoises

Question 34

agricultire

Answer 34

largesst industry in US
more fertlilty in farms in W
new methods
steel plow
mechanical reaper

Question 35

workingmens party

Answer 35

wanted free education
laes to limit workday to 10 hrs
supported right to organize labor unions

Question 36

capitalism

Answer 36

change in buying philosphy: relied on strangers for necessary products

Question 37

reasons for 2nd wave of immigration

Answer 37

political upheaveks
economic depression
rural farmers

Question 38

north

Answer 38

commerical farming and industrial development
organized labor and dependece on cheap labor
increased urbanization
immigration
reform movements

Question 39

middle class emerges

Answer 39

men managed busniesses
men began to work in offices outside of home
moved away from factories
neighbothood divided by class and race

Question 40

west

Answer 40

frontier mean new opportunities
fur trading
helped expansion
decimated the environment

Question 41

south

Answer 41

king cotton
reliant on slaves
stuck in their waves