Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical Micro/Immunology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

First level of defense

A

Barriers that block the pathogen at the portal of entry.
Anatomical structures
Skin, mucous membranes, cilia
Chemical barriers
Fatty acids, lysozyme (tears/saliva), gastric acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Second level of defense

A

Includes generalized protective cells and fluids in tissues (phagocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Third level of defense

A

includes specific immune reactions with microbes that are required for survival (lymphocytes and antibodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Immunity

A

specific resistance aquired to an infectious agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Components of immunity

A

a diffuse network of cells, fibers, chemicals, fluids, tissues, and organs that permeate the human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reticuloendothelial (mononuclear phagocyte) system

A

Continuous network of fibers and phagocytes that surrounds tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

a fluid environment in which all cells are bathed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lymphatic system

A

a series of vessels and organs that carry lymph from tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

blood stream

A

circulates blood to all organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Composition of whole blood

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Plasma

A

a clear liquid that contains nutrients, ions, gases, hormones, antibodies, albumin, and waste products dissolved in water
The cell-free, fluid portion of blood, which contains all the clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Serum

A

Plasma minus the clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Blood cells are formed by ______ in particular ______ sites

A

hemopoiesis, bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The 3 main lines of cells that come from stem cells

A
  1. leukocytes (WBC)
  2. erythrocytes (RBC)
  3. Megakaryocytes – platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

biconcave sacs of hemoglobin that transport oxygen to and from the tissues
Have no mitochondria and lose nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the stain used for RBC?

A

Wright stain - shows small pink circles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the relationship of RBC and the immune system

A

They have no immune functions but they are the target of the immune reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the path from Stem Cell to RBC

A

Stem cell -> erythrocyte line -> erythroblast -> normoblast -> reticulocyte -> Erythrocyte (RBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

1 cause of death

A

respiratory tract infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

a cell found within connective tissue that contains heparin and histamine. These substances are released from the mast cell in response to injury and infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Platelets are also known as _____

A

thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe path from Stem cell to platelet

A

Stemcell, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte (platelet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe thrombocytes

A

(aka platelets) pieces of cells that come from bone marrow. They are small in size.
Come from bone marrow as megakaryocyte which disintegrates into bits of cytoplasm and nuclus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many platelets in blood?

A

250,000 - 500,000/mm3 of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Three granular leukocytes.
Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
26
Agranular leukocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes
27
Function of platelets
Hemostasis
28
Hemostasis
plugging broken blood vessles to stop bleeding
29
Inflammatory response
This complex system responds to tissue injury (infection, burn, allergy) by movilizing the immune system against pathogens, repairing damage, and clearing infection.
30
Signs and symptoms of inflammatory response
redness, heat, swelling, pain
31
Blood vessels narrow and dialate in response to ______ released by ________ and ___________
chemical mediators (cytokines), injured tissues and WBCs
32
What will keep the infection from spreading and swell the tissues? (inflammatory response)
build up of fluid from edema
33
mediators attract _________ to engluf _______ and _______
neutrophils, debris, and microbes
34
What types of items will collect in pus?
WBCs, microbes, debris, and fluid
35
_____ clean up the residue of inflammation
macrophages
36
what doe lymphocytes do during inflammatory response?
carry out immune reactions such as antibody formation and healing occurs
37
Long term inflammation can result in
injury and disease (granuloma)
38
Fever is due to ______
pyrogens
39
What are pyrogens?
substances released by certain white blood cells that alter the temperature setting of the brain
40
Effects of fever...
slow microbial multiplication and stimulate the immune response
41
Phagocytosis
a process whereby foreign materials are engulfed and destroyed
42
Neutrophils
engluf small particles, microbes, molecules, etc
43
Macrophages
- Larger cells that scavenge large pockets of cellular debris and extract antigentic information
44
Where are macrophages found
in specific tissue or organ (liver, lung, skin) or are free and wandering
45
What happens after materials are engulfed by the cell into a phagosome vacuole?
lysosomes containing powerful chemicals unite with the phagosome and destroy contents
46
The primary cells of host defense and immunity can be classified as
granulocytes and agranulocytes
47
Granulocytes
Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils polymorpho nuclear leukocytes contain distinct granules in cytoplasm
48
Agranulocytes
Monocytes and lymphocytes mononuclear lymphocytes Lack noticeable granules have globular, non-lobed nuclei
49
Neutrophils
Function as phagocytes... important in phagocytosis
50
55-90% of the blood stream (25x10^9 in avg body) is made of which type of blood cell?
Neutrophils
51
Has a horseshoe - shaped nucleus
Nuetrophils
52
Neutrophils contain _____ ______ and other chemicals to degrade phagocytized materials
digestive enzymes
53
Eosinophils
function in worm and fungal infections... Role is not completely understood
54
Scarcest leukocyte
basophils (less than .5%)
55
1 - 3% of blood stream
eosinophils
56
eosinophils are found mostly in the
spleen
57
The Wright stain is used to easily distinguish
Eosinophils (orange - red)
58
The granules of eosinophils contain
peroxidase, lysozyme, and other digestive enzymes
59
Eosinophils have weak action on _________ and strong action on ________
bacteria, virus, etc. | parasites and fungi (eukaryotic cells)
60
Blood cell involved in allergic reactions and inflammation
basophils
61
Stains for basophils
acidic dyes (eosin) and basic dyes (methylene blue)
62
Basophils work with _________ and are similar to ____________
tissue mast cells ... non-motile mast cells
63
Basophils release
histamine, serotonin, heparin, and several enzymes
64
How do lymphocytes move?
ameboid motion
65
20 - 30% of leukocytes in blood
lymphocytes
66
Lymphocytes are most important in
immunological functions
67
Diapedesis
how WBCs (lymphocytes) move from blood to tissue between endothelial cells of small blood vessels. They extrude bw spaces into extracellular regions because they have a "plastic shape"
68
How do lymphocytes respond to tissue injury or infection?
by migrating toward chemical signals (chemotaxis)
69
B and T cells are generated by
lymphocytes
70
B-cells are from the
chicken glad (Bursa of Fabricious) and human bone marrow
71
T-cells are from the
thymus
72
B-cells are involved in
humural activity
73
humural activity
protective molecules carried in the fluids of the body
74
Describe path of B-cell to antibody
B-cell > activated B cell > plasma cell > antibody (protein)
75
T-cells engage in many immune reactions collectively called
cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
76
Types of T-cells
Suppress, help, and kill
77
Largest leukocyte
monocyte
78
Percentage of monocytes as phagocytes in blood stream
3-7%
79
Describe the morphology of the nucleus in a monocyte
oval or kidney shaped
80
Monocytes
Have vacuoles with digestive enzymes start as phagocytes (small) then macrophages Long lived and multiplies
81
Which blood cell cleans systems of debris
monocytes
82
Monocytes transport ...
foreign molecules to lymphocytes
83
Monocytes secrete compounds that ...
assist, mediate, attract, and inhibit immune cells and reactions
84
The lymphatic system
it begins as fine capillaries in tissues and gradually joins together with larger vessels that eventually drain into the blood circulation
85
Lymph
fluid that contains serum components of WBC (vessels transport lymph) thick yellow fluid carried by lymphatic circulation Made of: water, dissolved salts, and 2-5% protein Transports: wbc, fats, cellular debris, infectious agents (microorgs) NO RBCs
86
Lymphatic organs
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), Peyer's patches
87
Lymph nodes
compact filters where lymphocytes aggregate and where immune challenges occur
88
Spleen
blood filter and respository of immune cells
89
thymus
where t-cells mature
90
Lymphatic vessels
transport lymph along the lines of regular blood vessels | Unidirectional: from extremities to heart
91
Complement C-Factor
a complex, multiple duty, versatile back up system of the immune system
92
Chemical defense system that destroys certain pathogens and produces chemical mediators
complement c-factor
93
The complement c-factor completes or brushes up
immune reaction
94
The complement c-factor is made of _______ that work together to ____________
20 blood proteins | destroy microorgs invading our system
95
Complement c-factor will attack ______
membranes of bacteria
96
The system components of C-Factor come from ______
liver hepatocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes
97
C-factor focuses on
speed, activity, and efficacy of action
98
Comlement involves chemical (c-factors) that act in a __________
cascade fashion
99
Cascade reaction
sequential physiological response, in which the first substance in a chemical series activates the next substance, which activates the next, and so on until a desired end product is reached C1 --> C9
100
Pathways of cascade reaction
classical and alternate
101
Classical pathway
activation of C by specific Antibody
102
Alternate pathway
non-specific reaction to infections | results in the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
103
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
destroys all kinds of microorgs by disrupting their cell membranes
104
What is an interferon (IFN)?
a small protein produced by certain WBCs and tissue cells. Used as therapy against certain viral infections and cancer and other microbes. Not virus specific. Deals with immune regulation and intercommunication
105
Types of interferons
alpha, beta, and gamma - interferons
106
The types of interferons are produced in response to
viruses, RNA, immune products, and various agents
107
Alpha-interferon
product of lymphocytes and macrophages activates natural killer cells stimulates phagocytes
108
Beta-interferon
From fibroblast and epithelial cells Role in maturation of B and T cells stimulate phagocytes
109
Gamma-interferon
product of T-cells immune regulator of macrophages, B&T cells inhibits some cancer cells
110
Interferons bind to _________ and induce changes in ___________ and thus results vary
cell surfaces; genetic expression
111
All 3 types of interferons can inhibit _____ and have _______
expression of cancer genes; tumor suppressor effects
112
Specificity
Ab against chicken pox will function against that particular virus only
113
Memory
lymphocytes recall their first engagement with the invader (ag) and rush to attack once again
114
Antigen (Immunogens)
proteins or other complex molecules of high MW that trigger the immune response in the host. Generate production of antibodies
115
Immunocompetence develops during
late fetal or early neonatal period when b&t cells react to only one spec antigen
116
B&T cells generate
aquired specific immunities

Medical Micro/Immunology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions