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Medical Micro/Immunology > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 methods of diagnosis to prepare for the survey of microbial disease?

A

Phenotypic
Genotypic
Immunologic

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2
Q

Phenotypic

A

Microscopic and macroscopic morphology
Physiological and biochemical characteristics
Chemical composition

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3
Q

Genotypic

A

Genetic composition

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4
Q

Immunologic

A

Exploits the host’s antibody reaction to microbial antigens for purposes of diagnosis

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5
Q

Genetic composition uses which method of diagnosis?

A

genotypic

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6
Q

Chemical composition uses which method of diagnosis?

A

phenotypic

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7
Q

physiological and biochemical characteristics use which method of diagnosis?

A

phenotypic

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8
Q

Reviewing the microscopic and macroscopic morphology refers to which method of diagnosis?

A

phenotypic

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9
Q

Exploiting the host’s antibody reaction to microbial antigens for purposes of diagnosis refers to which method of diagnosis?

A

immunologic

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10
Q

What is the common point that guides the health care decision of every member of a clinical team?

A

specimen collection

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11
Q

What is the most vital concern with specimen collection?

A

Aseptic techniques must be used

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12
Q

In order for identification and treatment to be successful what 3 things are important when concerning specimens?

A

How the specimen is collected, handled, and stored.

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13
Q

What is the phenotypic method for testing the specimen?

A

immediate direct examination of the specimen

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14
Q

What test/method is used to detect syphilis?

A

Phenotypic method - Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA)

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15
Q

Two examples of phenotypic method of testing?

A

DFA (Direct fluorescent antibody) test for syphilis

Direct antigen testing

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16
Q

DNA analysis using genetic probes refers to which method of diagnosis?

A

genotypic method

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17
Q

Hybridization is which method?

A

genotypic method

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18
Q

What is one example of genotypic method of diagnosis?

A

PCR and rRNA identification

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19
Q

The branch of immunology that deals with in vitro diagnostic testing of serum

A

serology

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20
Q

What do serological (immunological) tests involve?

A

Most are in vitro assessments for the detection, identification, and quantification of Antigen - Antibody from a variety of body fluids

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21
Q

Visible results can be obtained from

A
  1. Agglutination
  2. precipitation
  3. immunodiffusion
  4. complement fixation
  5. fluorescent antibodies
  6. immunoassay techniques (ELISA)
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22
Q

What is used to read a titer?

A

Ag - Ab reaction

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23
Q

How are Ag - Ab reactions used to read a titer?

A

A sample is diluted in tubes or a multiple welled microtiter plate and mixed with antigen. Titer is expressed as the highest dilution of serum gives a visible reaction with an Ag. The higher the titer, the more antigen present in the serum. Knowing the relative quantity of antibody permits different samples to be standardized and compared.

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24
Q

How can reading a titer be useful?

A

Reading a titer allows us to figure out how much antibody is present in a sample. Then samples can be standardized and compared.

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25
In regards to agglutination antigens are ______.
whole cells (RBC, bacteria with determinant groups on surface)
26
In agglutination antibodies are called _________ which cross link the Ag ___________ to form to form _________.
agglutinins agglutinogens 3D visible clumps
27
Agglutination determines ____ and ____ blood types.
ABO and Rh (Rhesus)
28
Explain how agglutination works?
Antisera containing Ab against the blood group antigens on RBC are mixed with a small sample of blood and read for the presence or absence of clumping. This will detect the specific antibodies and also gives the serum titer.
29
What technique is used for salmonellosis and undulant fever?
Widal Test
30
The Weil-Felix reaction is used for?
rickettsial infections
31
What technique is used for detection of the pregnancy hormone in urine?
Latex agglutination
32
What technique tests for staphylococci, streptococci, and gonococci?
latex agglutination
33
Viral hemagglutination is the technique used to test for....?
some viral Ag
34
Name 4 agglutination techniques?
Viral hemagglutination latex agglutination Weil-Felix reaction WIdal test
35
In precipitation antigens are ________ called ____________.
soluble molecules, precipitinogen
36
In precipitation antibodies are called
precipitins
37
Precipitinogens are _____ by precipitins.
precipitated
38
Precipitates are easily disrupted in __________
liquid media
39
Most precipitation reactions are carried out in ________.
Agar gels
40
Why are agar gels used for precipitation?
Substrates are soft enough to allow (Ag/Ab) to freely diffuse, yet firm enough to hold the Ag-Ab precipitate in place.
41
Name 5 precipitation techniques
1. Double diffusion (Ouchterlony) 2. Immunoelectrophoresis 3. Western Blot 4. Complement fixation 5. Fluorescent antibodies (immunofluorescence)
42
Outerlony refers to?
Double diffusion - precipitation technique
43
What happens in both agglutination and precipitation when Ag and Ab are optimally combined so neither is in excess?
One Ag is interlinked by several Abs to form insoluble 3D clumps so large that cannot remain suspended.
44
Define Complement fixation (CF) - lysin or cytolysin
An Ab that "fixes" complement to complete the lysis of its Ag target cell
45
What happens when the lysins act with the C-system on RBC
the cells hemolyze
46
Define hemolyze
lyse and release hemoglobin
47
The CF test is used to detect _____.
hemolysis
48
If hemolysis is detected, then the unfixed complement lysed ________.
Sheep RBC
49
Name 3 diseases Verification of CF is needed for.
Scarlet fever Rheumatic fever several streptococcal syndromes
50
Western Blot is used to verify ____ in the ELISA test.
Ab+ for HIV
51
Western Blot has significant applications for detecting _______ in specimens.
microbes and their Ag
52
Explain Western Blot
Precipitation technique: Specific and sensitive for the identification of protein Ab or Ag electrophoresed in a gel which separates out particular bands. Gel is transferred to a special blotter that binds reactants in place. Blot is incubated with solution with Ab or Ag labeled with radioactive, fluorescent, or luminescent labels. Sites of specific bindings appear Patterns of bands are compared with known positive or negative samples.
53
Numerous applications in diagnostic immunology
Fluorescent antibodies and immunofluorescence testing
54
Antibodies are labeled with fluorescent dye
Fluorescent antibodies and immunofluorescence testing
55
Need fluorescent microscopy (UV light lamp)
Fluorescent antibodies and immunofluorescence testing
56
Name two techniques for Fluorescent antibodies and immunofluorescence testing
Direct testing and indirect testing
57
Define direct testing in regards to Fluorescent antibodies and immunofluorescence testing
valuable for identifying and locating antigens on the surface of cells or in tissues
58
Fluorescent antibodies can be ________.
anti-isotypic
59
Anti-isotypic means _________.
made to react with the fluorescent region of another Ab (remember that Ab can be antigenic)
60
What does ELISA stand for?
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
61
ELISA is also called _______.
Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
62
Name 2 enzymes used in ELISA
Horse-radish peroxidase | Alkaline phosphatase
63
Both enzymes release a dye called _____ when exposed to their substrate?
chromogen
64
ELISA relies on a solid support such as _____ that adsorb (attract on surface) the reactants
plastic microtiter plate
65
ELISA screens for *name 5
``` HIV Helicobacter rickettsias Salmonella Vibria ```
66
In ELISA the enzymes affixed to the Ag will ____ the substrate and release a _____
hydrolyze, colored dye
67
ELISA contains an enzyme-Ab complex that can be used as a _______
color tracer for Ag-Ab reactions
68
Two techniques for ELISA
direct and indirect
69
Type of In vivo testing
tuberculin testing
70
Tuberculin Test
uses small amounts of purified protein (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis injected in the skin.
71
The aim of in vivo testing is to
detect presence of neutralizing antibodies and elicit a visible Ag-Ab response after an Ag has been introduced into the host
72
Name 5 diagnostic skin sensitivity tests for
``` Coccidiodin Histoplasmin Allergens Schick for diptheria Dick for scarlet fever ```
73
How is a tuberculin test deemed positive
Raised lesion on the skin indicates previous exposure to tuberculosis.

Medical Micro/Immunology (8 decks)

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