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Chapter 19A Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 endospore forming G+ bacilli

A

Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporobacillus

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2
Q

Name 2 anaerobic endospore forming bacilli.

A

Clostridium, Sporobacillus

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3
Q

Name an anaerobic, G+ bacilli

A

Bacillus (endospore forming)

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4
Q

Name 2 G+ Bacilli that do not form spores and are regular in morphology.

A

Listeria, Erysipelothrix

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5
Q

Name 6 non endospore forming gram + Bacilli.

A
  1. Listeria
  2. Erysipelothrix
  3. Corynebacterium
  4. Propionibacterium
  5. Mycobacterium
  6. Nocardia
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6
Q

Name 4 Bacilli that are irregular in morphology.

A

Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia

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7
Q

Aerobic, non-endospore forming Bacilli.

A

Corynebacterium

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8
Q

Anaerobic, non-endospore forming Bacilli

A

Propionibacterium

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9
Q

Name the acid-fast Bacilli

A

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

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10
Q

Name 2 G+, aerobic Bacilli

A

Bacillus (EF) and Corynebacterium (NEF)

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11
Q

Name 3 G+, anaerobic Bacilli

A

Clostridium, Sporobacillus, and Propionibacterium

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12
Q

How do G+ Bacilli look on a gram stain?

A

purple

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13
Q

What is unique about Listeria?

A

Listeria is non endospore forming and regular in morphology. It is unique because it is a top killer in food contamination. Esp dairy products. In order to counter this grocery chains spray a virus that lyses Listeria on grocery shelves.

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14
Q

Which G+ Bacillus is closely related to acne?

A

Propionibacterium (Non-endospore forming, anaerobic, irregular in morph)

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15
Q

What is different about Mycobacterium and Nocardia?

A

They are acid-fast Bacilli and they are filamentous bacteria

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16
Q

Describe the Genus Bacillus.

A
  • mostly aerobic Gram +
  • saprobic soil bacteria
  • widely distributed
  • catalase +
  • none is fastidious
  • versatility in degrading complex molecules
  • source of antibiotics
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17
Q

Species of medical importance in the Bacillus genus.

A

Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)

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18
Q

Size of Bacillus anthracis

A

3-5m long; 1 - 1.2 m wide (VERY big)

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19
Q

What is unique about the spores of Bacillus anthracis?

A

Spores do not develop under all growth conditions except inside the host

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20
Q

Has peptide capsule and endotoxins.

A

Bacillus anthracis

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21
Q

Non -motile, block shaped rods, very large.

A

Bacillus anthracis

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22
Q

Koch used it to study his postulates

A

Bacillus anthracis

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23
Q

Pasteur used it in vaccinations.

A

Bacillus anthracis.

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24
Q

Bacillus anthracis is dangerous because …

A

it can be used as a warfare agent in bacteriological weapons

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25
Name 3 diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis.
1. Cutaneous anthrax 2. Pulmonary anthrax 3. Gastrointestinal anthrax
26
Cutaneous anthrax develops on which part of the body.
on the skin
27
Describe pulmonary anthrax.
Transmitted by inhaling spores. The bacilli grow from the spores in lungs. The release of endotoxins causes toxemia, thrombosis, and is 100% fatal in a short period of time.
28
Describe gastrointestinal anthrax.
Rare and dangerous disease. Transmitted from contaminated meat Penicillin, tetracycline, and cattle vaccination
29
Bacillus cereus has to do with
food poisoning
30
B. cereus spores are ____ in the environment.
abundant
31
Where does B. cereus come from?
air-borne, dust borne contaminant
32
B. cereus will _____ in cooked food like rice, potatoes, and meat.
multiply
33
Spores of B. cereus will ____ and release ____.
germinate; enterotoxins
34
How long does the B. cereus disease (food poisoning) last?
1 day
35
What are the symptoms of B. cereus?
No specific symptoms but it causes diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal cramps.
36
Is there a cure for B. cereus (food poisoning)?
no
37
Name a G+ Bacilli that is catalase +.
Bacillus
38
Name a G+ Bacilli that is catalase -.
Clostridium
39
Describe the genus Clostridium.
* G+ * spore forming * anaerobic * catalase - * widely distributed in nature * release POTENT exotoxins
40
1/2 cup will kill entire planet
Clostridium
41
Name 3 forms of Clostridium that deal with amputation
C. perfringes, C. novi, and C septicum
42
Name 5 types of Clostridium that are pathogens.
C. perfringes, C. novi, C. septicum, C. tetanti, and C. botulinium
43
Name the opportunistic type of Clostridium
C. difficile
44
Name 3 types of Clostridium used for industrial uses.
C. iodophilum, C. acetobutylicum, C. cellobiofavum
45
Clostridium perfringes
(pathogen) gas gangrene and myonecrosis, food poisoning
46
C. novyi
(pathogen) second most frequent cause of gas gangrene
47
C. septicum
(pathogen) third most frequent cause of gas gangrene
48
What are the top 3 causes of gas gangrene. In order.
C. prefringes C. novyi C. septicum
49
C. tetani
(pathogen) cause of tetanus
50
C. botulinium
(pathogen) cause of botulism
51
C. difficile
(opportunistic) antibiotic associated colitis
52
C. iodophilum
(industrial uses) produces acids and alcohol
53
C. acetobutylicum
(industrial uses) produces acids, alcohol, and benzene
54
C. cellobiofavum
(industrial uses) digest cellulose
55
How are diseases caused by Clostridium?
soluble exotoxins acting on specific cellular targets.
56
Name 5 diseases caused by Clostridium.
``` Tissue infections Colitis Tetanus Gas gangrene Food intoxication ```
57
Where is Clostridium tetani found?
soil and gastrointestinal tract of animals
58
How does C. tetani get in the human body?
Through punctures, wounds, or umbilical stumps. SOMETIMES nosocomially
59
Tetanus is also known as
lockjaw
60
Who does tetanus affect?
* Geriatric patients * intravenous drug abusers * neonatal tetanus from infected umbilical stump * ***or circumcision (some cultures apply dung, ashes, or mud on the site) - - Spores are forced into dead tissues, no oxygen in blood allows growth
61
Toxin in tetanus
tetanospasmin
62
Tetanospasmin
exotoxin - targets spinal column potent neurotoxin binds the spinal neurons inhibiting muscle contraction
63
Tetanospasmin causes death by
respiratory collapse. High fatality rate. antitoxin (TAT) therapy
64
Spores of gas gangrene are found in ---
soil, human skin, intestine, and vagina
65
Gas gangrene
anaerobic cellulitis or myonecrosis
66
Six causes of gangrene
1. surgical incisions 2. compound fractures 3. diabetic sores 4. septic abortions 5. puncture/gunshot wounds 6. crushing injuries with soil
67
Clostridium perfringes produces
gas via fermentation of muscle tissues
68
thrives in low oxygen tension and dead tissues
Clostridium perfringes
69
Needs an anaerobic environment
Clostridium perfringes
70
3 C. perfringes enzymes that enhance tissue destruction
Collagenase DNAse Hyaluronidase
71
Exotoxin of C. perfringes
Alpha toxin (lecithinase C) - very potent
72
Alpha toxin
lecithinase C Ruptures RBC causes edema disrupts tissue
73
Name a nosocomial infection
Antibiotic-associated colitis
74
C. difficile is found in
normal intestinal flora and was once thought to be harmless
75
Second most common cause of intestinal infection after salmonella in industrialized countries
C. difficile
76
Major cause of diarrhea in hospitals
C. difficile
77
Enterotoxins cause necrosis of intestinal epithelium
C. difficile
78
Caution of C. difficile
spores in stool
79
Control of C. difficile (4)
ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalosporins | severe cases : vancomycin
80
2nd most common form of food poisoning worldwide
C. perfringes (type A)
81
C. perfringes type A comes from
animal flesh (meat or fish)
82
The enterotoxin of C. perfringes is released in
intestine. death is extremely rare.
83
C. botulinum is a
spore forming anaerobe
84
C. botulinum inhabits
soil and water
85
C. botulinum is found in the
intestinal tract of animals
86
C. botulinum is prevalent in the
northern hemisphere
87
How many types of C. botulinum and how do they vary
8 - each varies in distributions in animals, regions, and type of exotoxin
88
What are the 8 types of C. botulinum?
A, B, C-alpha, C-beta, D, E, F, G
89
Spores of C. botulinum are found in
low acid vegetables (green beans, corn) fruits, fish and dairy products
90
Exotoxin that is heat sensitive and inactivated at 100 degrees C
botulin
91
At what temperature is botulin inactivated
100 degrees Celsius
92
The most powerful microbial toxin known
botulin
93
The polypeptides of botulin are coded by _____ and can be genetically transmitted to others via _____.
plasmids; viruses
94
Botulin causes
loss of voluntary muscle control
95
Botulin is a danger in
canned foods
96
To avoid botulin you should discard ....
bulging cans and bottles | anything canned that smells bad
97
Produces two of the most deadly toxins known
Clostridium
98
Two of the most deadly toxins known are
botulin and tetanospasmin (both cause paralysis)
99
A cup of ___ will kill all humans
botulin
100
How much more powerful is botulin than rattle snake venom?
100,000x
101
How much more potent is botulin than strychnine?
1,000,000x
102
1g of botulin will kill...
200,000 mice

Medical Micro/Immunology (8 decks)

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