Largest phagocytes that ingest and kill foreign cells - scavengers - Histiocytes- reside in one location - under how phagocytosis - interacts with b and T cells

Like basophils but are non motile and are found in connective tissue - trigger local inflammatory reactions - responsible for many allergic symptoms

Chapter 14 Flashcards by Shontrell Johnson

First Defense

List 3

Structural
Mechanical
Biochemical

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Second line of defense

List 5

Complement 
Phagocytosis 
Inflammation 
Fever
Viral specific defenses

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Third line of defense

List 2

Humoral immunity

Cellular immunity

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What sheds microbes and nutrients quickly?

Sloughing

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Why is skin a good structural defense?

The cells are tightly fit

Thick, strong and waterproof

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What is the role of mucous membranes?

They line all the body cavities open to the environment.

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Name 2 layers of mucous membranes?

Epithelium cells and deeper connective layer that supports the epithelium.

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How do body fluids mechanically remove microbes?

Urine

Tears

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What keeps bacteria from settling?

Peristalsis moves it along GI tract

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Mucociliary System

Mucus is produced to trap organisms and ciliary sweeps it up and out

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Name 5 biochemical defenses

Sebum on skin
Sweat makes skin salty
Stomach secretions
Bile disrupt cell envelope
Lysozyme break down peptidoglycan

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Reticuloendothelial

RES
Network of connective tissue fibers
Interconnects cells
Allows immune cells to bind and move outside the blood and lymphatic systems

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Extracellular Fluid

ECF
Space that surrounds tissue cells and RES
Enable the cells to move

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Neutrophils

First
Blood phagocytes 
Active engulfed and killers of bacteria
-phagocytosis cells and voracious eaters
Mostly stay in tissue 
Short live only 3-8 days

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Basophils

Fifth
Function in inflammatory events and allergies
Filled with histamine and other chemical mediators.

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Eosinophils

Fourth
Active in worm and fungal infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions

More numerous in spleen and bone marrow

-contain digestive enzymes and toxic granules.
They gather around and release enzymes to kill worms

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Monocytes

Third
Blood phagocytes that become macrophages and dendrites
Antigen presenting cell
Releases chemical mediators
Long lived
Can be fix or wandering
Phagoctic cell

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Macrophages

Largest phagocytes that ingest and kill foreign cells

scavengers
Histiocytes- reside in one location
under how phagocytosis
interacts with b and T cells

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Lymphocytes

Second
Primary cells involved with specific immune reactions
TCell- train thymus
BCell- train bone marrow

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List 3 Granulocytes

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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NET

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap

Prevents bacteria from spreading and have bactericidal properties

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Dendritic cells

Sixth
Part of monocytes line
Reside in tissues and RES
Primary job is antigen presentation
-provers foreign matter and present it to lymphocytes

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Mast cells

Like basophils but are non motile and are found in connective tissue

trigger local inflammatory reactions
responsible for many allergic symptoms

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Lymphatic system

List 6

Fluids
Vessels
Nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Miscellaneous

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What is in the plasmas like fluid in Lymphatic system list 5

``` Water Dissolved salts Proteins White blood cells No red blood cells ```

What does lymph depend on to move

Muscles contractions

What parts of the body do Lymph system not permeate? List 4

CNS Bob Placenta Thymus

What do lymph nodes do

Provide environment for immune reactions | Filter for lymph

Where are lymph nodes located? List 5

``` Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Armpit Groin Neck ```

What happens when kids lose there spleen

They become immunocompromised

What does the spleen do?

Filter blood Traps pathogens and phagocytosis them Located in upper left portion of abdominal cavity

Thymus

Embryo- two lobes, high activity until puberty release mature T cells Adult- gradually shrinks, lymph node and spleen makes TCells

What are the 5 major symptoms of inflammation

``` Redness. Warmth. Swelling. Pain. Loss of function. ```

What is inflammation

A condition brought on by infection, tissue injury, or immune response

What do inflammation do? | List 3

Mobilize and attract immune cells to the site Mobilize repair, and clean up of site Destroy microbes and block further infection

What are the stages of inflammation?

Vascular changes Edema Fever

What happens during the increased vessel dilation of inflammation

Blood supply to tissue increases making it able to carry more leukocytes and serum proteins, which causes erythema

What is erythema

Redness and warmth

What is diapedesis?

Migration of WBC or transmigration

What do chemical mediators do during inflammation?

Cause fever , stimulate lymphocytes, and prevent virus spread, cause allergic reactions Vasoactive Chemotatic

List 4 chemical mediators white vasoactive effect?

Histamine Serotonin Bradykinin Prostaglandins

List 4 chemical mediators with chemotatic effects

Fibrin Collagen Mast cell chemotatic factors Bacterial peptides

What is Exudate?

Plasma proteins, blood cells (wbc), debris and pus

Edema

Leakage of vascular fluid (exudate)

How is the transmigration of WBC done

Chemotaxis

What is pus

Mix of dead leukocytes, bacteria, and tissue cells

What tells the hypothalamus to increase temperature?

Cytokines

What are the 3 parts to fever?

Chill- physical reactions, goose bumps, shivering. Heat is increasing Fever- prolonged elevated temp Crisis- sweating and cooling of body temp

Pyrogens

Microbes and there products like LPS and leukocytes products like interleukins Increase temp Vasoconstriction

What inhibits microbe and viral multiplication?

Fever

What resets hypothalamic thermostat?

Prostaglandin

What is phagocytosis

Recognize, and golf and destroy invading pathogens. Macrophages and neutrophils. Principal means of eliminating pathogen’s.

What are the 4 steps of phagocytosis

Recognition. Engulfment. Digestion. Expulsion.

Who are the early responders to inflammation?

Neutrophils and eosinophils

What is the primary component of pus

Neutrophils

What is the primary responder to parasitic infections

Eosinophils

Name 3 places macrophages can be found

Alveolar Kupffer Langerhans

How do phagocytes Recognize pathogens?

They have cell surface receptors that bind to antigenic determinants of pathogen’s.

What do complement proteins do?

Help to form a bridge between the microphage and the pathogen aiding and phagocytosis Opsonization

How do phagocytes engulf pathogen’s

Once attached it extends psueudopods around the pathogen | Producing a phagosome

What is a phagosome

A membrane bound vacuole or pocket

What happens when phagocyte digestion pathogen

Phagosome merges with lysosome forming a phagolysosome and the chemicals within digest the pathogen Takes about 30 mins

What is in phagolysosome?

``` Oxygen dependent system Oxidative burst Enzymes Nitric oxide Debris ```

Why is interferon produced

It’s produced due to viral infections, microbe infections, RNA, immune products, antigens.

What is interferons

Small proteins that impair viral replication | They are passed from virally infected cells into neighboring health cells

Complement

Consist of 26 blood protein and produced by liver hepatocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes - defense system consisting of 26 serum proteins found in blood, lymph and ECF

What are the consequences of complement cascade

Cytolysis Initiate inflammation Opsonization

What is cytolysis

Bursting invaders cell wall

What attaches to pathogen so macrophages can engulf it more easily?

Cascade protein

What are the 3 pathways that can trigger complement

Classical pathway- activated by antibody bound to microorganism Lectin pathway- host protein bind to sugar on wall of fungi or other microbes Alternative pathway- complement proteins bind to normal cell wall and/or surface components of microbes

Chapter 14 Flashcards

(70 cards)