Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology 2320 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the five attributes of adaptive immunity

A 
Specificity 
Inducibility
Clonality
Unresponsiveness to self
Memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

Adaptive immunity is the body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is specific immunity

A

A complex interaction of immune cells reacting against antigens. Leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immune responses

A

Humoral immune response.

Cell mediated immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is attenuated vaccine

A

Live cells of a pathogen that have been genetically altered. Long lasting immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inactivated vaccine

A

Contain cells that have been killed by heat are by chemical means. Very safe but less effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

B cells

A

Respond to antigens by producing antigen specific defensive proteins called antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T cells

A

When activated will respond in a few ways. Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Destroy infected host cells and other foreign cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Helper T cells

A

Enhance other lymphocytes, enhancing macrophages are stimulating the cells to produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Antibody mediated immunity. B Cells. Associated with body fluids since antibodies flow through the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 4 ways antibodies protect

A
  1. Neutralizing toxins by binding to them
  2. Agglutination, clumping antigens together
  3. Opsonization
  4. Activate complement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

TC cells will attack the tissues that are infected, illuminating the pathogen, but also destroying our own tissues.
TH cells help to regulate and activate immune reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of markers

A

Detection
Recognition
Communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is MHC major histocompatibility complex

A 
Surface receptors consisting of glycoproteins 
It is found on all nucleated cells.
2 classes
1. All nucleated cells
2. Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens after a clone recognizes an antigen

A

Proliferates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do B and T cells go after they have there receptors?

A

Secondary lymph tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to B and T cells that that bind to self antigen

A

Undergo apoptosis- programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are B cell receptors secreted as?

A

Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe immunoglobulin molecule

A

Light chain
Heavy chain
Variable region
Constant region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an antigen

A

Any substance capable of generating an immune response. Most proteins make excellent antigens, Polysaccharides are weaker, and pure lipids and nucleic acids make poor antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Epitope

A

Portion of antigen recognized by lymphocytes receptor. Example amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Haptens are?

Study These Flashcards
A

Antigens that are too small elicit an immune response

24
Q

What make a good antigen

Study These Flashcards
A

Whole cells.
Viruses.
Complex molecules.

25
What are 3 major types of antigens with an example?
1. Soluble- dissolve in body fluids- venoms 2. particulate antigens- cell parts- pili, virus 3. Whole intact cells as antigens- bacteria cell/ transplant tissue
26
How do Haptens become a complete antigen
Enter the body then attach to carrier in the body
27
What is alloantigens
Cell surface markers that occurred in some members of the same species Example Blood typing- transfusion MHC profile- organ grafting
28
What is a superantigen
Bacterial toxins- Results in toxic shock syndrome and some auto immune diseases. Large release of cytokines. T cell activation much greater than normal antigens
29
When does a B cell become activated.
When matching epitope attaches
30
List the 7 steps of B cell Activation
1. Naive B cells match and bind to microbe (antigen) 2. B cell endocytoses the microbe and presents smaller piece to Th2 cell 3. Th2 that matches the microbe links w B cells and it’s antigen bearing MHC 2 proteins 4. Th2 cell chemically signals for B cell to proliferate 5. Some clones become memory cells 6. Other clones go on to produce plasma cells 7. Plasma cells secrete large amounts of antibodies with same specificity as original B cell
31
How much antibodies are produce from plasma cells
2000/s
32
Name 4 antibody antigen interactions
Opsonization Agglutination Neutralization Complement fixation
33
Opsonization
Microbes or particles coated with antibodies | Enables macrophages to recognize and phagocytize microbe
34
Agglutination
Antibodies cross-link cells or particles into clumps. Renders microbes imMobile. Enhances phagocytosis. Principal for certain immune test example RBC typing
35
Neutralization
Antibodies binds to the microbe or virus receptor or the antigenic site of molecule -example exotoxin. Prevents further binding of microbes or toxin Doesn’t allow to bind to us
36
Complement fixation
Antibodies interaction with complement proteins -example classical pathway. Lysis of microbial cell
37
Fab- Antigen binding fragment
Variable Binds to the antigenic determinant Swiveling enables more efficient hold Held together by disulfide bonds
38
Fc-Crystallizable Fragnent
``` Constant Binds to macrophages Anchors Immunoglobulin to lymphocyte Held together by disulfide bonds Responsible for class identification ```
39
What are the 5 classes of antibodies
``` IgM IgA IgD IgE IgG ```
40
IgG
``` The smallest Monomer- single unit Primary response Memory cell response Most prevalent in tissue fluid and blood Most numerous Activated complement AIDS in opsonization Anti Rh antibodies ``` The only Ig to be able to cross from mother to child across placenta . First antibody for newborn
41
IgA
Monomer or dimer Dimer- 2 units is held together by Jchain Secretory IgA - mucous and serous secretions - local immunity Protection for newborns Found in mothers milk, body secretions, mucus, sweat
42
IgM
``` Largest Five monomers Held together by Jchain First to be synthesized during primary immune response Associated with complement fixation Receptor for antigens on B cell Circulated in blood ``` Binds weakly
43
IgD
Monomer Small amounts in serum Receptor for antigens on B cells Unknown function
44
IgE
Monomer Parasite infection Allergies Fc portion binds to mast cells and basophils , eosinophils - release chemical mediators that aid inflammation
45
First exposure
Latent period Synthesis of antibodies -IgM first -followed by IgG and some IgA and IgM
46
Second exposure
Anamnestic response | Synthesis is rapid and amplified due to memory cells
47
Memory cells
Persist long after the primary infection help produce antibodies in a few days vs 1 to 2 weeks Can eliminate pathogens before signs and symptoms Vaccines confer this type of immunity
48
T cell
``` Cell mediated immunity Antigen presenting cells Activity at the same time as B cells CD4 and CD8 Produce and react to cytokines ```
49
Interleukins
Signal among Leukocytes
50
Interferons
Anti Viral proteins that may act as cytokines
51
Growth factors
Proteins that stimulate stem cells to divide
52
Tumor neurosis factor
Secreted by microphages and T cells to kill tumor cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation
53
Chemokines
Chemotactic cytokines the signal leukocytes to move
54
List five immune system Cytokines
``` Interleukins Interferons Growth factors Tumor necrosis factor Chemokines ```
55
What are antigen presenting cells
Macrophages and dendritic cells - process and present antigen in association with MHC 2 - T cell CD receptor recognize antigen/MHC 2
56
Th
``` Regulate immune responses to antigens by releasing cytokines. Type of cytokines will determine subset of Th- Th1 activate other T cells Th2 for B cells differentiation also activate macrophages. Most prevalent in the blood. ```
57
Tc
``` Binds and loses cells CD8 Perforins- punch holes in membranes Granzymes- degrade proteins Natural killers cells- related and attest virus infected cells and cancer cells ```

Microbiology 2320 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions