Nerve Disease

Question 1

What are the defenses of the CNS

Answer 1

Meninges
Cerebral spinal fluid. 
Bone casing. 
Blood brain barrier. 
Immunologically privileged

Question 2

Is there a normal flora in the CNS

Answer 2

No it is absent although viruses can exist in dormant state

Question 3

What is the portal of infection for the CNS

Answer 3

Breaks in the bones in meninges. Medical procedures.
Travel in peripheral neurons to the CNS.
Infect and kill cells of the Meninges causing meningitis

Question 4

What is the environment of CNS

Answer 4

Axenic

Question 5

What are the 2 ways bacteria can cause disease in nervous system?

Answer 5

1.Infect cells of nervous system 
Ex. Meningitis, leprosy
2.Bacteria growing elsewhere releases toxins that affect neurons
Ex. Botulism
Tetanus

Question 6

5 species that can cause meningitis?

Answer 6

Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilius influenzae
Listers monocytogenes
Streptococcus agalactiqe 

Can also be cause by fungus and viruses

Question 7

Meningitis symptoms

Answer 7

Fever
Headache
Painful stiff neck
Increased number of WBC in CSF
Confused or disturbed brain function
Petechaie
Ecchymosis
Shock
Coma
Death

Question 8

How is meningitis transmitted

Answer 8

Respirating droplets

S. Agalatactiae - during birth
Listeria- contaminated food

Question 9

Treatment for meningitis

Answer 9

Penicillin in large dose via IV

Vaccination

Question 10

Virulence Factors for meningitis

Answer 10

Capsule- leave Reservoir
Endotoxins- invade/multiply
IgA protease-invade
Intercellular growth- evade

Question 11

How are arboviral encephalitis transmitted

Answer 11

Via blood sucking arthropods
Mosquito
Can be eliminated by getting horses vaccinated

Question 12

Symptoms of arboviruses

Answer 12

Mild cold like symptoms

Question 13

Subacute encephalitis

Answer 13

Protozoan infection
Viral infection
Prion infection
Symptoms develop slowly

Question 14

Kuru

Answer 14

Rare and fatal brain disorder
Causes spongiform lesions in brain tissue
Caused by ratting dead relatives brains

Question 15

Variant Creutz-Jacob Disease

Answer 15

Insomnia, weight loss , memory failure, worsening muscle control.
Caused by prions
No treatment.
Prevent- by not eating contaminated prion meat

Question 16

Rabies-

Answer 16

Transmission- contact with infected body fluids
Virus multiple in muscles then move to neurons
Symptoms- anxiety, nervousness, impaired swallowing, coma, death
Furious rabies-Hydrophobia, agitation, disorientation, seizures
Dumb- paralyzed, disorientation, stuporous
Prevention- vaccination pet and people, antibiotics

Question 17

Poliomyelitis

Answer 17

Poliovirus
Transmitted by fecal to oral route
Dirty water
Icosahedral capsid shell

Question 18

Signs and symptoms of poliomyelitis

Answer 18

-Asymptomatic infections -90%
-Minor polio- nonspecific symptoms, headache, fever, nausea
-nonparalytic- muscle spasms, and back pain
-paralytic polio- produces paralysis, flaccid paralysis over a few hour to a few days
-unused muscles began to atrophy, grow slow and deformities develop
Limbs are painful

Question 19

Treatment for poliomyelitis

Answer 19

Alleviate pain, ventilator if needed, physical therapy

Question 20

Prevention for polio

Answer 20

Vaccination

Question 21

Tetanus

Answer 21

Clostridium tetani
Toxin- tetanospasmin
Tennis racket morphology

Question 22

Symptoms of tetanus

Answer 22

-Toxin blocks the inhibition of muscle contraction
-clenching of jaw
Extreme arching
Flexion of arms and extension of legs
Rigid spastic paralysis
Death occurs because respiratory muscles paralysis

Question 23

Transmission of tetanus

Answer 23

Wound infection
Anaerobic conditions
Necrotic tissue
Poor blood supply
Dirty puncture wound

Question 24

Prevention of tetanus

Answer 24

Toxoid vaccination
Antitoxin antibodies
Antibiotics
Muscle relaxants

Question 25

What are the 3 types of Botulism

Answer 25

Food borne Infant Wound - prevents the release of acetylcholine preventing muscle contraction

Question 26

Symptoms of botulism

Answer 26

Double vision. Dizziness. Difficulty in swallowing. Descending muscular paralysis. Death comes from respirator respiratory arrest. Flaccid rag doll paralysis

Question 27

Cause of infant botulism

Answer 27

Raw honey

Question 28

Cause of food borne botulism

Answer 28

Improper food canning and low acid vegetables

Question 29

Treatment for botulism

Answer 29

Antitoxin Cardiac and respiratory care Recovery takes weeks

Question 30

African trypanosomiasis

Answer 30

``` Sleeping sickness 2 protists -Trypanosoma Brucei gambiense -Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiens Transmitted by the tse tse fly ```

Question 31

Migration of African Trypanosomiasis

Answer 31

Bite Secondary lymph tissue (multiply) Causes fever, malaise, enlarged nodes and joint pain Enters CNS, damaging blood vessels and brain tissue

Question 32

Symptoms of African Trypanosomiasis

Answer 32

Change in Personality our behavior. Decreased ability to concentrate walk or talk. Extreme tiredness during the day. Insomnia at night. Eventually coma, then death

Question 33

Amebic Meningoencephalopathy

Answer 33

Caused by Acanthamoeba and Naegleria | Enters host through abrasions on skin, eyelid, or inhalation of contaminated water- murky mainly fresh water