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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Chapter 14 Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

activity of the heard

A

cardiac output

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2
Q

equation for CO

A

CO= HR x SV

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3
Q

cells of the heart

A

myocardiocytes

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4
Q

cells that determine the HR

A

autorythmic cells

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5
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average pressure by which blood is transported through the body

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6
Q

what system dynamically adjusts CO and MAP

A

autonomic system

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7
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood that each ventricle pumps out in a certain time (L/min)

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8
Q

average HR

A

70 beats/min

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9
Q

SV volume average

A

70-80mL per beat

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10
Q

pacemaker potential at which SA node is excited

A

100 beats/min

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11
Q

which nervous system conrols the resting state

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

how controls the parasympathetic nervous system the lower HR

A

with ACh

decrease of HR due to permeability to K+ -> slower rate of depolarization

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13
Q

which nervous system is responsible for an increasing HR

A

sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system control the HR

A

with E and NE

increased permeability of HCN channels -> faster depolarization rate

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15
Q

effects that the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system have on the SA node

A

sympathetic: increased rate of diastolic depolarization - increased HR
parasym. : decreased rate of diastolic depolarization - decreased HR

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16
Q

effects that the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system have on the AV node

A

symp. : increased conduction rate

parasym: decreased conduction rate

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17
Q

effects that the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system have on the atrial muscle

A

symp. : increased strength of contraction

parasym: No effect

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18
Q

effects that the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system have on the ventricular muscle

A

symp. : increased strength of contraction

parasym: No effect

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19
Q

regulations of the SV

A

end diastolic volume
total peripheral resistance
contractility

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20
Q

greater End-diastolic volume

A

greater SV because of stretch

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21
Q

greater total peripheral resistance

A

greater pressure in arterial system -> lower SV

more blood remains in ventricle -> increased EDV -> increased stretch of heart muscle

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22
Q

greater arterial pressure

A

increased afterload, hard must work harder to eject blood

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23
Q

what happenes when E and NE increase the ventricular contractility

A

SV increases

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24
Q

what is the Frank Starling Law of the Heart related to

A

the increase of SV as end-diastolic volume increases

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25
Q

Frank Starling Law of the Heart

A

resting cardiac muscle length is short
greater end-diastolic volume = greater stretch = greater cardiac muscle length
increase in strenth of contraction - delivery of more force

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26
Q

what is the end-diastolic volume affected by

A

venous return

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27
Q

which mechanism keeps blood moving

A

sympathetic nervous system constricts veins

skeletal muscle pump

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28
Q

greater stretch of cardiac muscle

A

stronger contraction

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29
Q

what results in an increased SV

A

fill heart more with blood

sympathetic signals to increase ventricular contractility

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30
Q

factors that increase HR

A

NE delivery from sympathetic neurons
E delivery from adrenal medulla
reduced parasympathetic signals

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31
Q

factors that increase SV

A

EDV, NE delivery from sympathetic neurons

E delivery from adrenal medulla

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32
Q

where in the body is the majority of blood located

A

venous system (especially small veins and venules)

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33
Q

how much of total body water is extracellular fluid

A

1/3

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34
Q

distribution of extracellular fluid

A

20% blood

80 % ISF

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35
Q

filtration

A

movement of fluid and solutes out of blood

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36
Q

absorbtion

A

movement of fluid and solutes into blood

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37
Q

what causes fluid to filter out of vessel

A

blood pressure

difference between capillary hydrostatic pressure and ISF hydrostatic pressure

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38
Q

what causes water to be absorbed from tissue into vessel

A

osmotic forces (water concentration difference between ISF and plasma)

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39
Q

what regulates blood volume

A

drinking,
urine volume,
water distribution between plasma and ISF
Kidney

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40
Q

water exchange between…

A

intracellular and extracellular compartments

41
Q

hydrostatic pressure at arteriolar end of capillaries

A

37 mm Hg

42
Q

hydrostatic pressure at venular end of capillaries

A

17 mm Hg

43
Q

ISF hydrostatic pressure

A

low

44
Q

direction of fluod flow

A

from high to low pressure

45
Q

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

A

hydrostatic pressure of capillaries - hydrostatic pressure of ISF

46
Q

Starling Forces

A

opposing forces that act to move fluid across capillary walls

47
Q

equation for Starling Forces

A

(Pc + PIi) - (Pi + PIc)
Pc = capillary hydrostatic pressure
PIi = osmotic force due to ISF protein concentration
Pi = ISF hydrostatic pressure
PIc = osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration

48
Q

relationship between distance and hydrostatic pressure/osmotic pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure: declines as blood moves further

osmotic pressure: is constant

49
Q

what indicate + and - values for the Starling Forces

A

+ net filtration

- net absorb

50
Q

percent of filtrate that returns to blood

A

85-90%

rest enters lymphatic system

51
Q

where does filtered plasma enter in kidney

A

tubular system

52
Q

what does tubular system do to filtrated blood

A

transport and modify to urin

53
Q

amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed from kidney to vascular system

A

98-99%

54
Q

more reabsorbion by the kidneys

A

less urine output, increased blood volume

55
Q

less reabsorbion by the kidneys

A

more urine output, decreased blood pressure

56
Q

when is ADH released

A

when hypothalamic osmoreceptor detect an increase in blood osmolarity

57
Q

what does ADH do

A

increases water retention (speicherung)

58
Q

why is aldosterone released

A

to promote retention of salt - increase water retention

59
Q

which gland releases ADH

A

hypothalamus/posterior pituitary

60
Q

which system secretes aldosterone

A

renin-angiotension-aldosterone sytstem

61
Q

Natriuresis

A

excretion of sodium in urine

62
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

homrone produce by atria

increases sodium and wagter excretion in urine

63
Q

secretion of ANP

A

stimulated by stretching atria

result increased urine volume to reduced blood volume

64
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average pressure driving into tissue (except lungs)

65
Q

calculation for blood flow

A

F = deltaP/Resistance

66
Q

calculation for resistance

A

R = L(length of vessel)n(viscosity of blood)/r4 (radius radius)

67
Q

why is CO distributed unequal between different organs

A

due to unequal resistance to blood flow

68
Q

larger radius of a vessel

A

lower resistance

higher blood flow

69
Q

smaller radius of a vessel

A

higher resistance

lower blood flow

70
Q

how much is the MAP

A

100 mmHg

71
Q

equation for MAP

A

MAP = DP + 1/3 x (pulse pressure)

pulse pressure = systolic-diastolic

72
Q

TPR

A

total peripheral resistance (combined resistance to flow of all systamic blood vessels)

73
Q

equation of mean arterial pressure with cardiac output

A

MAP = CO x TPR

74
Q

factors that regulate blood flow

A

extrinsic control
pracrine control
intrinsic control

75
Q

which systems control extrinsic control

A

autonomic nervous system

endocrine system

76
Q

sypathetic stimulation in extrinsic control

A

NE causes vasoconstriction to decrease blood flow
E causes vasodialation to increase blood flow
ACh release causes vasodialation in skeletal muscle arterioles

77
Q

parasympathetic stimulation in extrinsic control

A

stimulates vasoconstriction

78
Q

Paracrine control of the blood flow

A

secretion of nitric oxide (vasodialation from vessel enothelium)

79
Q

intrinsic control of blood the flow

A

build-in mechanisms in organs that provide localized regulation of vascular resistance and blood flow
flow autoregulation
active hyperemia

80
Q

flow autoregulation

A

maintains constant blood flow

81
Q

active hyperemia

A

local caaodialation when metabolism increases

82
Q

CO average at rest

A

5 L/min

83
Q

CO in trained athletes during exercise

A

up to 35 L/min

84
Q

blood flow during exercise

A

increased to skeletal muscle - due to increased metabolism - increased vasodialation
decreased to difestive system and kidney - due to vasoconstriction controlled by sympathetic NS

85
Q

what effect can practice have on HR and SV

A

lower HR

increased resting SV

86
Q

what is arterial blood pressure affected by

A 
resistance 
blood volume (SV, HR, CO)
87
Q

location of greatest resistance

A

arterioles

88
Q

what system stimulates vasoconstriction to increase Bp

A

sympathetic NS

89
Q

baroreceptor reflex

A

maintains bp
constant moitoring pressure in aortic arch and carotid sinuses
AP is proportional to MAP

90
Q

vasoconstriction in arterioles

A

increase bp in arteries

decresed bp and blood flow in capillaries, veins

91
Q

hypotension

A

low bp

reduced blood flowto brain and cardiac muscle

92
Q

causes of hypotension

A

CV disease, defect, valve disease, heart attack
dehydration, diarrhea, vomitting, large urine loss, burns
neural, endocrine defects
medication
hemorrhage

93
Q

hypertension

A

chronic high bp (above 140/90 mmHg)
left ventricular hypertrophy (ventricle must work against increased arterial pressure) can lead to heart failure, cascular damage kidney damage, atheroscleosis

94
Q

types of hypertension

A

primary and secondary hypertension

95
Q

primary hypertension

A

unknown (genetic, environmental/diet)

96
Q

secondary hypertension

A

arteriosclesclerosis of aorta
kidney disease
endocrine disorder

97
Q

heart failure

A

heart doesn´t pump an adequate CO to maintain blood flow

98
Q

what can heart failure lead to

A

increased fluid retention
increase blood vlólume and SV
hypertrophy of ventricles

99
Q

heart failure can be caused by what

A

heart attack
hypertension
valve insufficiency
structural damage of myocardium

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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