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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Chapter 18 The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

function of the digestive system

A

processes food into molecular forms that are transferred into internal environment

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2
Q

motility

A

movement of food through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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3
Q

how is food transported through the gastroinstetinal tract

A

via ingestion, mastication, declutition, and contraction of smooth muscles

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4
Q

secretion

A

release of exocrine and endocrine secretion into lumen (inside) of GI tract for digestion

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5
Q

digestion

A

chemical/mechanical breakdown of food from macromolecules to smaller molecules,

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6
Q

why are molecules breakdowned in digestion

A

for absorbtion

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7
Q

absorbtion

A

transport of digested end products into blood/lymph

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8
Q

storage and elimination

A

temporary storage followed by elimination of indigestible food molecules

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9
Q

location of immune barrier

A

immune system cells

physical barrier

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10
Q

location of majority of immune system cells

A

GI mucosa

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11
Q

physical barrier

A

to pathological organisms and toxins

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12
Q

location of immune system cells

A

in connective tissue outside of intestinal epithelium

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13
Q

breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

A

hydrolysis reactions (breakdown of substance due to reaction with water)

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14
Q

structures

A

gastrointestinal (GI) tract/alimentary canal

accessory organs and tissue

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15
Q

gastrointestinal (GI) tract/alimentary canal

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
appx. 30 ft. long

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16
Q

accessory organs and tissue

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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17
Q

responsibility of accessory organs and tissue

A

secrete substance into the tract via connecting ducts

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18
Q

secreted substances in the stomach

A

HCl
Pepsinogo
Mucus
Intrinsic factor

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19
Q

secreted substances in the small intestine

A

bile
bicarbonate
enzymes

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20
Q

location of digestion and absorbtion

A

long tube connected to external world at both ends

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21
Q

layers/tunics of the gut wall

A 
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serose
(from most inside to most outside)
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22
Q

responsibility of mucosa

A

absorbtion and secretion

mucus secretion

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23
Q

layers of mucosa

A

epthelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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24
Q

what is the lamina propria connceted to

A

lymph nodules

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25
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

thin smooth muscle layer

creates small folds (increase surface area)

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26
Q

submucosa

A

connective tissue, serves mucosa

blood/lymph vessels

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27
Q

submucosal plexus

A

neuronal innervation (nervale Versorgung) for muscularis mucosae

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28
Q

responsibility of muscularis externa

A

segmental and peristalitic contraction to move food and pulverize and mix it with digestive enzymes

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29
Q

muscularis externa

A

inner circular layer of smooth muscle

outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

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30
Q

myenteric plexus

A

in muscularis externa

neurons for entire GI tract

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31
Q

serosa

A

connective tissze covered with epithelium

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32
Q

who increases the surface area for absorbtion of nutrients

A

villi

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33
Q

when does the villi increase the surface area

A

by projecting into the lumen of the small intestine

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34
Q

mastication

A

chewing of food in mouth
mix food with saliva
start of digestion

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35
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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36
Q

when does deglutition occur

A

when food or drink stimulate pressure receptors in pharynx

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37
Q

what happens when pressure recpetors in the pharynx are stimulated

A

afferent input to the medulla

efferent output to muscles in pharynx and esophagus

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38
Q

what do muscle of moth and tongue creat when they mix food and saliva

A

bolus

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39
Q

what prevents food to enter the nasal passage

A

soft palate

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40
Q

what closes the opening of the larynx

A

glottis

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41
Q

what covers the glottis to prevent food to enter in the trachea

A

epiglottis

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42
Q

what moves food into the stomach in the esophagus

A

peristalsis

=wavelike muscular contraction

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43
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube
connects pharynx to stomach
lined with empithelium and skeletal and smooth muscle

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44
Q

what controls bolus to move into stomach and prevents movements back into esophagus

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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45
Q

stomach

A

further digestion to form bolus to chyme
stores food
kills bacteria
peristaltic waves to move chyme to small intestine

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46
Q

folds in inner surface of stocack

A

gastric rugae

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47
Q

who is responsible for the gastric motility within the stomach

A

smooth muscle

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48
Q

cell types in the gastric glands of the mucosa of the stomach

A 
mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
G cells
D cells
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49
Q

mucous neck cells

A

secrete mucus

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50
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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51
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen

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52
Q

G cells

A

secrete gastrine (hormone)

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53
Q

D cells

A

secrete somatostatin

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54
Q

what does the gastric mucosa also secrete

A

intrinsic factor

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55
Q

what regulates hunger and is secreted by the stomach

A

ghrelin

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56
Q

gastric juice

A

pH < 2
is acidic
secretion of gastric cells + water
activates pepsin (from pepsinogen)

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57
Q

what is hydrochloric acid (HCl) responsible for

A

acidic pH in the gastric lume

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58
Q

what does the acid prodcution by parietal cells depend on

A

generation of carbonic acid

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59
Q

what does the secretion of hydrogen ions into the stomach lumen depend on

A

primary active transport by H+/K+ ATPase pumps

60
Q

molecule that secrets into lumen of stomach when bicarbonate secretes into bloodstream

A

Cl-

61
Q

what is HCl secretion/inhibited by parietal cells stimulated by

A

secreted: gastrin, histamine, ACh
inhibited: somatostatin

62
Q

stimulation of gastrin secretion

A

by presence of partially digested proteins in the stomach

63
Q

what does mucus layer contain that protects stomach from acid and pepsin

A

bicarbonate

64
Q

what does acidity (HCl) in the gastric lumen convert

A

pepsinogen to pepsin

65
Q

small intestin

A

longest part of GI tract (3m)

mucosa contains goblet cells

66
Q

what do goblet cells in small intestine secrete

A

mucus
lymphocytes
lymphatic nodules

67
Q

folds in mucosa in small intestine

A

villi

68
Q

increase of surface area for food absorbtion

A

due to Microvilli or brush border in the villi

69
Q

digestive enzymes in small intestine

A

embedded in microvilli

stay attached to epithelial membrane while work on chyme

70
Q

what gets digested in the small intestine

A

carbohydrates, lipis and proteins

71
Q

absorbtion within the small intestine

A

carbohydrates, lipids, AAs, vitamines, minerals, ions, water, electrolytes and bile salt

72
Q

brush border enzymes

A

embedded in plasma membrane of microvilli

active site face cheyme in lumen

73
Q

motility within small intestine

A

slow to ensure proper absorbtion of nutrients

74
Q

main contraction in small intestine

A

segmentation

75
Q

what controls segmentation in the small intestine

A

enteric nervous system

76
Q

segmentation

A

simultanous contraction at different location

77
Q

large intestine/colon

A

large diameter
no villi
no digestion
absorbtion of electrolytes water and vitamins

78
Q

what does mucosa in the large intestine contain

A

mucus secreting goblet cells, lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules

79
Q

primary activities in large intestine

A

active transport of sodium coupled with water

80
Q

how much water enters Gastrointestinal tract?

A

1.5 L per day

81
Q

amount of water secreted by Gastrointestinal tract into lumen

A

8-10 L

82
Q

how much fluid is excreted in feces

A

< 200ml

83
Q

how does water absorbtion work

A

active Na+ pumping into epthelial cells
create osmotic pressure gradient
water absorbed into ISF and bloodstream

84
Q

defecation

A

waste product
occurs when rectal muscle contracts
internal and external sphincters relax

85
Q

what helps to push feces from rectum through anal canal

A

contraction of abdominal and pelvic muscle

86
Q

liver

A 
bile production
detoxication of blood
carbohydrate metabolism
lipid metabolism
protein synthesis
87
Q

liver cells

A

hepatocytes

88
Q

what are hepatocytes seperated by

A

sinusoids

89
Q

bloodflow in liver

A

blood enters through portal triad
hepatic sinusoids
leaves lobule through central vein
hepativ veins

90
Q

amount of bile produced by the liver

A

250-1500ml daily

91
Q

components of bile

A 
bile pigment
bile saltss
lecithin
bicarbonate ions
cholesterol
trace metals
92
Q

bile pigment

A

bilirubin (from breakdown of heme)
not water soluable
carried in blood
liver converts into water soluble form

93
Q

bile salts

A

cholesterol based
form micellesin aqueous solution
most recirculate 6-10 times per day, rest excreted in feces

94
Q

what allows breakdown of fat in chyme

A

fat enters micellesand their amphipathetic nature allows breakdown

95
Q

emulsification

A

breakdown of fat by bile salts

96
Q

bile pathway in liver

A 
secreted by hepatocytes
bile caniculi
bile ducts
gallbladder
small intestine
97
Q

what stimulates bile secretion into small intestine

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

98
Q

amount of reabsorbed cholesterol based bile salts

A

95% reused in liver

99
Q

structure of bile salt

A

bile acid
glycine (AA)
taurine (AA)
has a polar and nonpolar end

100
Q

endocrine functions of the pancreas

A

insulin, glucagon
cluster of cells
islets of Langerhans
secreted into blood

101
Q

exocrine function of the pancreas

A

pancreatic juice

secreted through pancreatic duct into duodenum of small intestine

102
Q

pancreatic juice

A

bicarbonate and around 20 enzymes

103
Q

amylase

A 
enzyme in pancreatic juice
digests starch (Stärke)
104
Q

trypsin

A

enzymes in pancreatic juice

digests protein

105
Q

lipase

A

enzyme in pancreatic juice

digests triglycerides

106
Q

what plays a major role in the prodcution of digestive enzymes

A

excocrine cells in the pancreas

107
Q

regulation of digestive processes

A

hormonal and neural regulation

108
Q

three phases of the digestive control

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

109
Q

cephalic phase

A

secretion stimulated by sight, smell, taste, chewing

first 30 min of meal

110
Q

what does the vagus nerve stimulate during the cephalic phase

A

chief cells to secrete pepsinogen,

gastric acid secretion by ECL cells stimulation that secrete histamin -> stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

111
Q

gastric phase

A

initiated by arrival food in stomach

causes distension, acidity, AAs, peptides

112
Q

what causes AA and peptide in the gastric phase

A

stimulation of chief cells to secrete pepsinogen

G cells to secrete gastrin -> secretion histamin from ECL cell -> stimulate HCL from parietal cells

113
Q

Acidity in gastric phase

A

inhibits gastrin secretion

114
Q

intestinal phase

A

inhibtion of gastric acidity and motility that small intestinehas time to absorb

115
Q

what is the intestinal phase initiated by

A

distension, acidity, osmolarity & various digestive products like fat

116
Q

what are inhibitory hormones secreted by

A

small intestine

117
Q

regulation of intestinal function

A

paracrine regulation
intestinal reflexes
enteric nervous system

118
Q

paracrine regulation

A

paracrine substances affect contraction, absorbtion and secretion

119
Q

intestinal reflexes

A

various reflexes affect motility

120
Q

enteric nervous system

A

division of autonomic NS

sensory neurons, interneurons, autonomic motor neurons, glial cells

121
Q

networks that connect neurons and glial cells in enteric NS

A 
myenteric plexus (in entire GI)
Submucosal plexus (just in SI and LI)
122
Q

what does chyme stimulate

A

interneurons -> motor neurons -> smooth muscle contraction

123
Q

regulation of pancreatic juice secretion

A

chyme in SI stimulates gastric ohase and reflex secretion of pancreatic juice and bile

124
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

secreted by duodenum

stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice enzymes

125
Q

secretin

A

secreted by duodenum

stimulates bicarbonate and water secretion from pancreas

126
Q

what causes CCK secretion

A

protein and fat in chayme

127
Q

what causes secrretin secretion

A

reduced pH in SI

128
Q

what increases bile volume

A

bicarbonate secreted by liver

129
Q

what causes higher bile delivery into duodenum

A

contraction of gallbladder

130
Q

what stimulates the liver to secrete bile

A

bile arriving in duodenum

secretin and CCK

131
Q

daily intake of carbohydrates

A

250-300g

132
Q

salivary amylase (enzyme)

A

digests carbs from mouth to stomach

small % of carb digestion

133
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

in SI

most of carb digestion

134
Q

brush border amylases

A

in SI

135
Q

constructions in which pancreatic analyses form carbs

A

oligosaccharide
maltriose
maltose

136
Q

absorbition of carbs

A

monosaccharides transported into epithelial cells of SI
fasiliated diffusion into ISF
after into capillary

137
Q

daily protein intake

A

60-90g

138
Q

what does pepsin do to protein

A

forms it to short-chain polypeptides

139
Q

which pancreatic juice enzymes digest polypeptides into free AAs

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase

140
Q

what brush border enzymedigest polypeptides into free AAs

A

aminopeptidase

141
Q

what happens to free AAs

A

enter epithelial cells

secreted into ISF - capillaries

142
Q

where does breakdown of proteins occur

A

SI

143
Q

daily lipid intake

A

70-100 g

144
Q

digestion of lipids

A

by pancreatic lipase in SI aided by pancreatic colipase

lipids in chyme stimulate secretion of bile -> emulsification of lipids

145
Q

phospholipase A

A

digests phospholipids into fatty acids and lysolecithin

146
Q

what is released with the digestion of triglycerides

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides - bind to micelles of bile salts

147
Q

what happens to fatty acids, monoglycerides and lysolecithin

A

leave micelles, enter epithelial cells of SI
form chylomicrons
secreted by exocytosis into blood

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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